2024
Digital spatial proteomic profiling reveals immune checkpoints as biomarkers in lymphoid aggregates and tumor microenvironment of desmoplastic melanoma
Su D, Schoenfeld D, Ibrahim W, Cabrejo R, Djureinovic D, Baumann R, Rimm D, Khan S, Halaban R, Kluger H, Olino K, Galan A, Clune J. Digital spatial proteomic profiling reveals immune checkpoints as biomarkers in lymphoid aggregates and tumor microenvironment of desmoplastic melanoma. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2024, 12: e008646. PMID: 38519058, PMCID: PMC10961546, DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008646.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsActinsBiomarkers, TumorCTLA-4 AntigenHumansMelanomaProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorProteomicsTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsCTLA-4 expression levelsCancer-associated fibroblastsAssociated with worse survivalExpression of immune checkpointsLAG-3 expressionDesmoplastic melanomaLymphoid aggregatesCTLA-4PD-1Immune checkpointsIntratumoral leukocytesLAG-3Tumor compartmentsWorse survivalCD20+B cellsIncreased expression of immune checkpointsProgrammed cell death protein 1Macrophage/monocyte markerSentinel lymph node positivityCell death protein 1Associated with poor prognosisLymph node positivityDense fibrous stromaPotential prognostic significanceCore of tumors
2023
Immune dysfunction revealed by digital spatial profiling of immuno-oncology markers in progressive stages of renal cell carcinoma and in brain metastases
Schoenfeld D, Moutafi M, Martinez S, Djureinovic D, Merkin R, Adeniran A, Braun D, Signoretti S, Choueiri T, Parisi F, Hurwitz M, Rimm D, Wei W, Jilaveanu L, Kluger H. Immune dysfunction revealed by digital spatial profiling of immuno-oncology markers in progressive stages of renal cell carcinoma and in brain metastases. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2023, 11: e007240. PMID: 37586773, PMCID: PMC10432651, DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007240.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBrain NeoplasmsCarcinoma, Renal CellHepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2HumansImmune System DiseasesKidney NeoplasmsMedical OncologyTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsRenal cell carcinomaBrain metastasesPrimary tumorTumor microenvironmentDigital spatial profilingCell carcinomaActivation protein expressionInflammatory macrophage markersRCC brain metastasesInnate immune activatorsNormal kidney samplesProgressive stagesExtracranial metastasesTim-3Immune checkpointsImmune dysfunctionImmune activationRCC metastasisLonger survivalImmune activatorsMacrophage markersTreatment responseSeparate cohortTissue microarrayMetastatic samplesSubsets of IFN Signaling Predict Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Patients with Melanoma.
Horowitch B, Lee D, Ding M, Martinez-Morilla S, Aung T, Ouerghi F, Wang X, Wei W, Damsky W, Sznol M, Kluger H, Rimm D, Ishizuka J. Subsets of IFN Signaling Predict Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Patients with Melanoma. Clinical Cancer Research 2023, 29: 2908-2918. PMID: 37233452, PMCID: PMC10524955, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0215.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsB7-H1 AntigenHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsIpilimumabMelanomaNivolumabTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsImmune checkpoint inhibitorsHuman melanoma cell linesMelanoma cell linesPD-L1Validation cohortYale-New Haven HospitalCombination of ipilimumabPD-L1 markersImmune checkpoint blockadePD-L1 biomarkerNew Haven HospitalSTAT1 levelsCell linesWestern blot analysisCheckpoint inhibitorsCheckpoint blockadeClinical responseOverall survivalImproved survivalResistance of cancersMetastatic melanomaMelanoma responsePredict responseTreatment responseDistinct patternsMultiplex Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence: A Practical Update for Pathologists
Harms P, Frankel T, Moutafi M, Rao A, Rimm D, Taube J, Thomas D, Chan M, Pantanowitz L. Multiplex Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence: A Practical Update for Pathologists. Modern Pathology 2023, 36: 100197. PMID: 37105494, DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100197.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBiomarkersBiomarkers, TumorColoring AgentsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansImmunohistochemistryNeoplasmsPathologistsTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsDigital spatial profilingMost clinical laboratoriesTumor microenvironmentImmunofluorescence/immunohistochemistryImmuno-oncology researchDiagnostic practiceClinical laboratoriesRoutine diagnostic useAntitumor immunityAdvanced cancerImmune populationsMultiplex stainingEosin stainingIHC stainsPractical updateClinical diagnostic practiceMultiplex immunohistochemistrySingle biomarkerImmunohistochemistryMultiplexed immunohistochemistryStandardized protocolChromogenic immunohistochemistryDiagnostic useMultiple biomarkersSerial sections
2022
Inhibition of renalase drives tumour rejection by promoting T cell activation
Guo X, Jessel S, Qu R, Kluger Y, Chen TM, Hollander L, Safirstein R, Nelson B, Cha C, Bosenberg M, Jilaveanu LB, Rimm D, Rothlin CV, Kluger HM, Desir GV. Inhibition of renalase drives tumour rejection by promoting T cell activation. European Journal Of Cancer 2022, 165: 81-96. PMID: 35219026, PMCID: PMC8940682, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.01.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsImmunotherapyMelanomaMiceMonoamine OxidaseTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsPD-1 inhibitorsMurine melanoma modelMelanoma-bearing miceMelanoma modelTumor microenvironmentTumor rejectionCell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitorsAnti-PD-1 activityEnhanced T cell infiltrationT cell-dependent fashionMelanoma cellsMelanoma tumor regressionPreclinical melanoma modelsT cell infiltrationNatural killer cellsForkhead box P3Expression of IFNγWild-type miceProtein 1 inhibitorT cell activationTumor cell contentWild-type melanoma cellsCD4 cellsAdvanced melanomaAntibody treatment
2021
Quantitative assessment of the immune microenvironment in African American Triple Negative Breast Cancer: a case–control study
Yaghoobi V, Moutafi M, Aung TN, Pelekanou V, Yaghoubi S, Blenman K, Ibrahim E, Vathiotis IA, Shafi S, Sharma A, O’Meara T, Fernandez AI, Pusztai L, Rimm DL. Quantitative assessment of the immune microenvironment in African American Triple Negative Breast Cancer: a case–control study. Breast Cancer Research 2021, 23: 113. PMID: 34906209, PMCID: PMC8670126, DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01493-w.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBiomarkers, TumorBlack or African AmericanCase-Control StudiesHumansTriple Negative Breast NeoplasmsTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsNegative breast cancerT cellsTumor microenvironmentAA patientsImmune cellsAA tumorsBreast cancerPurposeTriple-negative breast cancerAfrican AmericansTriple-negative breast cancerCase-control studySignificant differencesActivated T cellsImmunologic biomarkersPD-L1Lymphocytic infiltrationLymphoid infiltrationImmune microenvironmentControl cohortTNBC tumorsMyeloid markersQuantitative immunofluorescenceMean expression levelPatientsTNBCAnalysis of multispectral imaging with the AstroPath platform informs efficacy of PD-1 blockade
Berry S, Giraldo NA, Green BF, Cottrell TR, Stein JE, Engle EL, Xu H, Ogurtsova A, Roberts C, Wang D, Nguyen P, Zhu Q, Soto-Diaz S, Loyola J, Sander IB, Wong PF, Jessel S, Doyle J, Signer D, Wilton R, Roskes JS, Eminizer M, Park S, Sunshine JC, Jaffee EM, Baras A, De Marzo AM, Topalian SL, Kluger H, Cope L, Lipson EJ, Danilova L, Anders RA, Rimm DL, Pardoll DM, Szalay AS, Taube JM. Analysis of multispectral imaging with the AstroPath platform informs efficacy of PD-1 blockade. Science 2021, 372 PMID: 34112666, PMCID: PMC8709533, DOI: 10.1126/science.aba2609.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, MyelomonocyticAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorCD8 AntigensFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueForkhead Transcription FactorsHumansImmune Checkpoint ProteinsMacrophagesMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedPrognosisProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorProgression-Free SurvivalReceptors, Cell SurfaceSingle-Cell AnalysisSOXE Transcription FactorsT-Lymphocyte SubsetsTreatment OutcomeTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsAnti-programmed cell death 1Anti-PD-1 blockadePD-1 blockadeCell death 1Tissue-based biomarkersLong-term survivalTumor tissue sectionsDeath-1PD-1PD-L1Immunoregulatory moleculesT cellsIndependent cohortMyeloid cellsMelanoma specimensMultiple cell typesTissue sectionsLow/BlockadeCell typesDistinct expression patternsExpression patternsImagingCD8Foxp3Putting the Microenvironment into the Immunotherapy Companion Diagnostic
Moutafi M, Rimm DL. Putting the Microenvironment into the Immunotherapy Companion Diagnostic. Clinical Cancer Research 2021, 27: 3812-3814. PMID: 33986024, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1238.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsB7-H1 AntigenHumansImmunotherapyLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingStomach NeoplasmsTumor MicroenvironmentTargeting the CSF1/CSF1R axis is a potential treatment strategy for malignant meningiomas
Yeung J, Yaghoobi V, Miyagishima D, Vesely MD, Zhang T, Badri T, Nassar A, Han X, Sanmamed MF, Youngblood M, Peyre M, Kalamarides M, Rimm DL, Gunel M, Chen L. Targeting the CSF1/CSF1R axis is a potential treatment strategy for malignant meningiomas. Neuro-Oncology 2021, 23: 1922-1935. PMID: 33914067, PMCID: PMC8563319, DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab075.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsColony-stimulating factor-1Myeloid cellsMalignant meningiomasTumor microenvironmentCSF1/CSF1RRNA-seqRNA sequencingHuman meningiomasImmune subsetsGene expressionT cellsTreatment strategiesNormalization cancer immunotherapyImportant regulatorCell typesNovel immunocompetent murine modelDeath ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressionCell death receptor-1Immunosuppressive myeloid cellsDeath receptor-1Ligand 1 expressionFactor 1Immune cell typesImmunocompetent murine modelEffective treatment strategiesBiomarker Discovery in Patients with Immunotherapy-Treated Melanoma with Imaging Mass CytometryMultiplex Discovery with Imaging Mass Cytometry
Martinez-Morilla S, Villarroel-Espindola F, Wong PF, Toki MI, Aung TN, Pelekanou V, Bourke-Martin B, Schalper KA, Kluger HM, Rimm DL. Biomarker Discovery in Patients with Immunotherapy-Treated Melanoma with Imaging Mass CytometryMultiplex Discovery with Imaging Mass Cytometry. Clinical Cancer Research 2021, 27: 1987-1996. PMID: 33504554, PMCID: PMC8026677, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3340.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBeta 2-MicroglobulinBiomarkers, TumorHumansImage CytometryImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsMelanomaRNA, MessengerTissue Array AnalysisTumor Microenvironment
2020
Quantitative analysis of CMTM6 expression in tumor microenvironment in metastatic melanoma and association with outcome on immunotherapy
Martinez-Morilla S, Zugazagoitia J, Wong PF, Kluger HM, Rimm DL. Quantitative analysis of CMTM6 expression in tumor microenvironment in metastatic melanoma and association with outcome on immunotherapy. OncoImmunology 2020, 10: 1864909. PMID: 33457084, PMCID: PMC7781756, DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1864909.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImmune checkpoint inhibitorsPD-L1CMTM6 expressionControl patientsLonger survivalTissue microarrayQuantitative immunofluorescenceEffectiveness of immunotherapyMetastatic melanoma patientsDeath ligand 1Like MARVEL transmembrane domainCancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databaseExpression of CMTM6MARVEL transmembrane domainExpression of mRNAChemokine-like factorICI treatmentCheckpoint inhibitorsPretreatment biopsiesCD68 markersImmune compartmentMultivariable analysisMelanoma patientsImmune-related proteinsPredictive factorsThe Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer statement on best practices for multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining and validation
Taube JM, Akturk G, Angelo M, Engle EL, Gnjatic S, Greenbaum S, Greenwald NF, Hedvat CV, Hollmann TJ, Juco J, Parra ER, Rebelatto MC, Rimm DL, Rodriguez-Canales J, Schalper KA, Stack EC, Ferreira CS, Korski K, Lako A, Rodig SJ, Schenck E, Steele KE, Surace MJ, Tetzlaff MT, von Loga K, Wistuba II, Bifulco CB, . The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer statement on best practices for multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining and validation. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2020, 8: e000155. PMID: 32414858, PMCID: PMC7239569, DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000155.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansImmunohistochemistryImmunotherapyStaining and LabelingTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsMultiplex immunohistochemistryImmune cell subsetsImmunotherapy of cancerRoutine clinical practiceMultiplex immunofluorescence analysisDigital spatial profilingMIF assayTask ForceTreatment of cancerCell subsetsPractice guidelinesBest practice guidelinesAcademic centersClinical practiceImmune systemTumor microenvironmentImmunohistochemistryTumor cellsBiomarker studiesCancer statementsChromogenic immunohistochemistryImmunotherapyImmunofluorescence analysisConsecutive stainingCancer
2019
Suppressing miR-21 activity in tumor-associated macrophages promotes an antitumor immune response
Sahraei M, Chaube B, Liu Y, Sun J, Kaplan A, Price NL, Ding W, Oyaghire S, García-Milian R, Mehta S, Reshetnyak YK, Bahal R, Fiorina P, Glazer PM, Rimm DL, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Suppressing miR-21 activity in tumor-associated macrophages promotes an antitumor immune response. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2019, 129: 5518-5536. PMID: 31710308, PMCID: PMC6877327, DOI: 10.1172/jci127125.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsChemokine CXCL10Cytotoxicity, ImmunologicInterleukin-12MacrophagesMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMicroRNAsNeoplasmsTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsTumor-associated macrophagesMiR-21 expressionTumor growthMiR-21Immune responseCytotoxic T cell responsesC motif chemokine 10Antitumor immune responseT cell responsesAntitumoral immune responseTumor immune infiltratesInduction of cytokinesPotential therapeutic implicationsMiR-21 inhibitionStages of carcinogenesisAngiostatic phenotypeTumor cell deathIL-12Immune infiltratesTherapeutic implicationsSolid tumorsTumor neovascularizationTumor progressionTumor microenvironmentTumor pathogenesisQuantitative Assessment of CMTM6 in the Tumor Microenvironment and Association with Response to PD-1 Pathway Blockade in Advanced-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Zugazagoitia J, Liu Y, Toki M, McGuire J, Ahmed FS, Henick BS, Gupta R, Gettinger S, Herbst R, Schalper KA, Rimm DL. Quantitative Assessment of CMTM6 in the Tumor Microenvironment and Association with Response to PD-1 Pathway Blockade in Advanced-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Journal Of Thoracic Oncology 2019, 14: 2084-2096. PMID: 31605795, PMCID: PMC6951804, DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.09.014.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPD-L1CMTM6 expressionPathway blockadeAdvanced stage non-small cell lung cancerNon-small cell lung cancerPD-1 pathway blockadeTumor cellsAbsence of immunotherapyMultiplexed quantitative immunofluorescencePD-L1 coexpressionStromal immune cellsPD-L1 expressionT cell infiltrationLonger overall survivalCell lung cancerIndependent retrospective cohortsKRAS mutational statusExpression of CMTM6MARVEL transmembrane domainNSCLC cohortOverall survivalRetrospective cohortAxis blockadeClinical featuresImmunotherapy outcomes
2018
Tumor-specific MHC-II expression drives a unique pattern of resistance to immunotherapy via LAG-3/FCRL6 engagement
Johnson DB, Nixon MJ, Wang Y, Wang DY, Castellanos E, Estrada MV, Ericsson-Gonzalez PI, Cote CH, Salgado R, Sanchez V, Dean PT, Opalenik SR, Schreeder DM, Rimm DL, Kim JY, Bordeaux J, Loi S, Horn L, Sanders ME, Ferrell PB, Xu Y, Sosman JA, Davis RS, Balko JM. Tumor-specific MHC-II expression drives a unique pattern of resistance to immunotherapy via LAG-3/FCRL6 engagement. JCI Insight 2018, 3: e120360. PMID: 30568030, PMCID: PMC6338319, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120360.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptive ImmunityAnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingAntigens, CDBreast NeoplasmsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell Line, TumorHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIHLA-DR AntigensHumansImmunotherapyKiller Cells, NaturalLigandsLymphocyte Activation Gene 3 ProteinMiceProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorReceptors, Antigen, T-CellReceptors, Cell SurfaceT-LymphocytesTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsMHC-II expressionT cellsAnti-PD-1 therapyTumor cellsPD-1 pathwayTumor-intrinsic factorsPD-1-targeted immunotherapiesMHC-II receptorsDurable responsesPD-1Immune activationImmunotherapy targetPreclinical modelsLAG-3TumorsUnique patternMHCEnhanced expressionInhibitory functionAdaptive resistanceNovel inhibitory functionImmunotherapyPatientsContext-dependent mechanismsCellsCD68, CD163, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) co-localization in breast tumor microenvironment predicts survival differently in ER-positive and -negative cancers
Pelekanou V, Villarroel-Espindola F, Schalper KA, Pusztai L, Rimm DL. CD68, CD163, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) co-localization in breast tumor microenvironment predicts survival differently in ER-positive and -negative cancers. Breast Cancer Research 2018, 20: 154. PMID: 30558648, PMCID: PMC6298021, DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1076-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, MyelomonocyticAntineoplastic AgentsBiomarkers, TumorBreastBreast NeoplasmsDisease-Free SurvivalFemaleGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticHumansMacrophagesMatrix Metalloproteinase 9Middle AgedPatient SelectionPrognosisReceptors, Cell SurfaceReceptors, EstrogenRetrospective StudiesSurvival AnalysisTissue Array AnalysisTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsTumor-associated macrophagesOverall survivalQuantitative immunofluorescenceMacrophage markersBreast cancerHigh expressionPan-macrophage marker CD68Triple-negative breast cancerCD163/CD68Multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescenceImproved overall survivalProtein expressionWorse overall survivalPoor overall survivalMMP-9 protein expressionSubclass of patientsMacrophage-targeted therapiesMatrix metalloproteinase-9Tissue microarray formatMMP-9 proteinBreast tumor microenvironmentModulator of responseParaffin-embedded tissuesBreast cancer biomarkersCohort BImmunological differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer
Szekely B, Bossuyt V, Li X, Wali VB, Patwardhan GA, Frederick C, Silber A, Park T, Harigopal M, Pelekanou V, Zhang M, Yan Q, Rimm DL, Bianchini G, Hatzis C, Pusztai L. Immunological differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer. Annals Of Oncology 2018, 29: 2232-2239. PMID: 30203045, DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy399.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAgedAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorBiopsyBreast NeoplasmsDisease ProgressionDrug Resistance, NeoplasmFemaleGene Expression RegulationHumansImmunologic SurveillanceLymphocyte CountLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMiddle AgedMutation RateTumor EscapeTumor MicroenvironmentYoung AdultConceptsMetastatic breast cancerBreast cancerTherapeutic targetToll-like receptor pathway genesImmuno-oncology therapeutic targetsBreast cancer evolvesImmune proteasome expressionPD-L1 positivityCorresponding primary tumorsPotential therapeutic targetMHC class IImmune-related genesMetastatic cancer samplesLigand/receptor pairLymphocyte countT helperT-regsPD-L1Immune microenvironmentCytotoxic TPrimary tumorMastoid cellsDisease progressionTherapeutic combinationsMacrophage markersUtility of CD8 score by automated quantitative image analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Hartman DJ, Ahmad F, Ferris R, Rimm D, Pantanowitz L. Utility of CD8 score by automated quantitative image analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology 2018, 86: 278-287. PMID: 30409313, PMCID: PMC6260977, DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.10.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCD8 T cellsImmune cell densityOropharyngeal HNSCCT cellsNeck squamous cell carcinomaCD8 cell densityImmune cell infiltratesSquamous cell carcinomaWhole tissue sectionsEntire tumor sectionHPV infectionMedian survivalCell infiltrateHNSCC patientsCell carcinomaHNSCC casesClinicopathologic parametersOnly predictorTumor sectionsBetter outcomesClinical practiceTumor microenvironmentCell densityClinical validationCells/
2017
Implications of the tumor immune microenvironment for staging and therapeutics
Taube JM, Galon J, Sholl LM, Rodig SJ, Cottrell TR, Giraldo NA, Baras AS, Patel SS, Anders RA, Rimm DL, Cimino-Mathews A. Implications of the tumor immune microenvironment for staging and therapeutics. Modern Pathology 2017, 31: 214-234. PMID: 29192647, PMCID: PMC6132263, DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.156.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBiomarkers, TumorHumansLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingNeoplasm StagingNeoplasmsPrognosisTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsTumor immune microenvironmentImmune microenvironmentTumor typesTumor microenvironmentAnti-PD-1/PD-L1Therapeutic targetPD-1/PD-L1 axisFirst line treatment algorithmHost antitumor immune responseEarly stage colorectal carcinomaLocal immune contextureImmune checkpoint inhibitorsPD-L1 axisAntitumor immune responseImmune-based therapiesPD-L1 antibodiesAbundance of CD8Th1 helper cellsNovel therapeutic targetPotential therapeutic targetPrimary organ siteNew candidate biomarkersNumerous tumor typesSpecific tumor typesCurrent TNM