2024
Trends in breast cancer specific death by clinical stage at diagnoses between 2000-2017
Marczyk M, Kahn A, Silber A, Rosenblit M, Digiovanna M, Lustberg M, Pusztai L. Trends in breast cancer specific death by clinical stage at diagnoses between 2000-2017. Journal Of The National Cancer Institute 2024, djae241. PMID: 39348186, DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djae241.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchBreast cancer-specific deathCancer-specific deathBreast cancerStage IAll-cause mortalityTemporal trendsStage I/II breast cancerHormone receptor-positiveNode-negative cancersPrimary tumor typeStage I/II diseaseMetastatic breast cancerStage II cancerBilateral cancerIV cancerFemale sexIV diseaseReceptor-positiveExcellent prognosisII cancerClinical stageTumor typesTreated patientsStage IIICancerPhase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Endocrine Therapy ± 1 Year of Everolimus in Patients With High-Risk, Hormone Receptor–Positive, Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Chavez-MacGregor M, Miao J, Pusztai L, Goetz M, Rastogi P, Ganz P, Mamounas E, Paik S, Bandos H, Razaq W, O'Dea A, Kaklamani V, Silber A, Flaum L, Andreopoulou E, Wendt A, Carney J, Sharma P, Gralow J, Lew D, Barlow W, Hortobagyi G. Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Endocrine Therapy ± 1 Year of Everolimus in Patients With High-Risk, Hormone Receptor–Positive, Early-Stage Breast Cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2024, 42: 3012-3021. PMID: 38833643, DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.02344.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchInvasive disease-free survivalHormone receptor-positiveEndocrine therapyOverall survivalBreast cancerHazard ratioReceptor-positiveHigh riskSubset analysisHormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancerRisk groupsHormone receptor-positive BCEarly-stage breast cancerStratified log-rank testProgression-free survivalEfficacy of everolimusDisease-free survivalMetastatic breast cancerPlacebo-controlled trialSecondary end pointsLog-rank testHighest grade 3Treatment completion ratesPhase IIIEverolimus arm
2023
Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with ultra-high tumor mutational burden (UHTMB): A comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) study.
Fanucci K, Lustberg M, Fischbach N, Pelletier M, Sivapiragasam A, Ashok Kumar P, Kallem M, Danziger N, Sokol E, Sivakumar S, Pavlick D, Ross J, Pusztai L. Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with ultra-high tumor mutational burden (UHTMB): A comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) study. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2023, 41: 1036-1036. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.1036.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMetastatic breast cancerLobular histologyBreast cancerHER2 IHCGenomic alterationsComprehensive genomic profiling studyPD-L1 gene amplificationImmune checkpoint inhibitor treatmentMicrosatellite instabilityAxillary LN metastasisMetastatic site biopsySubset of ptsStage IV diseaseCheckpoint inhibitor treatmentPD-L1 expressionTumor mutational burdenMutations/MbMSI-high statusHER2 IHC resultsGenomic profiling studiesSite biopsiesSP142 assayLN metastasisMetastatic diseaseHigh TMBComparing the prognostic and predictive utility of serum thymidine kinase 1 and CA 15-3 in patients with hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer starting first-line endocrine therapy in SWOG S0226.
Cobain E, Barlow W, Paoletti C, Bergqvist M, Williams A, Ritzen H, Mehta R, Gralow J, Hortobagyi G, Albain K, Pusztai L, Sharma P, Godwin A, Thompson A, Hayes D, Rae J. Comparing the prognostic and predictive utility of serum thymidine kinase 1 and CA 15-3 in patients with hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer starting first-line endocrine therapy in SWOG S0226. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2023, 41: 1076-1076. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.1076.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchProgression-free survivalMetastatic breast cancerThymidine kinase 1 activityHormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancerPositive metastatic breast cancerOverall survivalEndocrine therapyCA 15Breast cancerCA15-3Predictors of PFSFirst-line endocrine therapySubsequent progression-free survivalWorse progression-free survivalSerum thymidine kinase 1Systemic endocrine therapyMultivariable Cox modelCox regression analysisWorse overall survivalHypothesis-generating dataCycles of treatmentTamoxifen useSystemic therapySerum levelsMultivariable analysisCorrelation of HER2 low status in I-SPY2 with molecular subtype, response, and survival.
Rugo H, Wolf D, Yau C, Petricoin E, Pohlmann P, Pusztai L, Symmans W, Borowsky A, Finestone S, Yee D, Hylton N, van 't Veer L, Esserman L, DeMichele A. Correlation of HER2 low status in I-SPY2 with molecular subtype, response, and survival. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2023, 41: 514-514. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.514.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDistant recurrence-free survivalPathologic complete responseBreast cancerFisher's exact testExact testMolecular subtypesHER2-negative breast cancerHigh-risk breast cancerRisk breast cancerMetastatic breast cancerRecurrence-free survivalTN breast cancerRecurrence-free survival dataCox proportional hazardsHER2 gene amplificationI-SPY2TN diseaseFree survivalOverall survivalComplete responseHazard ratioTrastuzumab deruxtecanEndocrine sensitivityT-DXdTreatment armsThymidine kinase activity levels in serum can identify HR+ metastatic breast cancer patients with a low risk of early progression (SWOG S0226)
Bergqvist M, Nordmark A, Williams A, Paoletti C, Barlow W, Cobain E, Mehta R, Gralow J, Hortobagyi G, Albain K, Pusztai L, Sharma P, Godwin A, Thompson A, Hayes D, Rae J. Thymidine kinase activity levels in serum can identify HR+ metastatic breast cancer patients with a low risk of early progression (SWOG S0226). Biomarkers 2023, 28: 313-322. PMID: 36647745, PMCID: PMC10681159, DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2023.2168063.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMetastatic breast cancerNegative predictive valueEndocrine therapyThymidine kinase activityLower riskSingle-agent endocrine therapyMetastatic breast cancer patientsLonger progression-free survivalHigh negative predictive valueProgression-free survivalBreast cancer patientsSerum thymidine kinase activityAdditional therapyOverall survivalSuch patientsCancer patientsBlood drawEarly progressionDisease progressionRapid progressionBreast cancerPatientsSubsequent timepointsPredictive valuePotential biomarkersTumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Complementary Prognostic Factors to Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Nanou A, Miao J, Coumans F, Dolce E, Darga E, Barlow W, Smerage J, Paoletti C, Godwin A, Pusztai L, Sharma P, Thompson A, Hortobagyi G, Terstappen L, Hayes D. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Complementary Prognostic Factors to Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer. JCO Precision Oncology 2023, 7: e2200372. PMID: 36634296, PMCID: PMC9928629, DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00372.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCycles of chemotherapyMetastatic breast cancerTumor-derived extracellular vesiclesOverall survivalBreast cancerTumor cellsExtracellular vesiclesComplementary prognostic factorComplementary prognostic valuePoor overall survivalAdditional prognostic biomarkerLonger OSPrognostic factorsPrognostic significanceCTC countPrognostic valuePrognostic biomarkerChemotherapyCancerPatientsCTCsCellsBiomarkersCisplatin with veliparib or placebo in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and BRCA mutation-associated breast cancer (S1416): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
Rodler E, Sharma P, Barlow W, Gralow J, Puhalla S, Anders C, Goldstein L, Tripathy D, Brown-Glaberman U, Huynh T, Szyarto C, Godwin A, Pathak H, Swisher E, Radke M, Timms K, Lew D, Miao J, Pusztai L, Hayes D, Hortobagyi G. Cisplatin with veliparib or placebo in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and BRCA mutation-associated breast cancer (S1416): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Oncology 2023, 24: 162-174. PMID: 36623515, PMCID: PMC9924094, DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00739-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTriple-negative breast cancerMedian progression-free survivalProgression-free survivalMetastatic breast cancerMetastatic triple-negative breast cancerGermline BRCA1/2Phase 2 trialVeliparib groupPlacebo groupPlatinum-based chemotherapyBreast cancerHomologous recombination deficiencyAdverse eventsPARP inhibitorsEligible patientsMetastatic diseaseEastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance statusBRCA mutation-associated breast cancerInvestigator-assessed progression-free survivalTreatment-related adverse eventsRecurrent triple-negative breast cancerAcademic clinical sitesAddition of veliparibCommon grade 3Lines of chemotherapy
2022
Treatment Sequencing Patterns and Associated Direct Medical Costs of Metastatic Breast Cancer Care in the United States, 2011 to 2021
Chehayeb R, Hood A, Wang X, Miksad R, Mougalian S, Lustberg M, Wang S, Greenup R, Pusztai L, Kunst N. Treatment Sequencing Patterns and Associated Direct Medical Costs of Metastatic Breast Cancer Care in the United States, 2011 to 2021. JAMA Network Open 2022, 5: e2244204. PMID: 36445704, PMCID: PMC9709649, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44204.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMetastatic breast cancerErbB2-positive metastatic breast cancerHR-positive metastatic breast cancerLines of therapyMBC subtypesDrug costsBreast cancerMedical costsHuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2 receptor statusMBC treatmentERBB2-negative metastatic breast cancerAssociated direct medical costsEarly-stage breast cancerHormone receptorsFlatiron Health databaseMetastatic recurrence ratesDifferent drug regimensBreast cancer careData of patientsDirect medical costsNovel adjuvant therapySupportive care drugsOutcomes of interestCost-effectiveness analysisAdjuvant therapyThe mutational profile of ER-, PR+, HER2- metastatic breast cancer.
Fischbach N, Huang R, Lustberg M, Pelletier M, Pusztai L, Sivakumar S, Sokol E, Ross J, Levy M. The mutational profile of ER-, PR+, HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2022, 40: 1025-1025. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.1025.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTriple-negative breast cancerComprehensive genomic profilingMetastatic breast cancerBreast cancerClinical trialsPathology reportsMutational profileHER2- metastatic breast cancerConsecutive breast cancersAnti-estrogen therapyNegative breast cancerPD-L1 IHCPotential therapeutic implicationsHigh rateEndocrine therapyEstrogen therapyPatient ageFoundation MedicineKRAS alterationsRare subtypeHER2 expressionClinical behaviorReceptor phenotypeBreast carcinomaTreatment strategiesTreatment patterns and medical costs of metastatic breast cancer care in the United States.
Chehayeb R, Hood A, Mougalian S, Lustberg M, Wang S, Greenup R, Pusztai L, Kunst N. Treatment patterns and medical costs of metastatic breast cancer care in the United States. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2022, 40: e18834-e18834. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e18834.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMetastatic breast cancerTreatment patternsTreatment costsDiagnosis of MBCSocietal perspectiveHormone receptor statusBreast cancer careDays of diagnosisDe-identified databaseAverage wholesale priceElectronic health recordsMBC patientsMBC diagnosisReceptor statusCancer careInvasive cancerTriple NegativeClinical trialsReceptor subtypesPatient levelBreast cancerHuman epidermal growth factorPayer perspectiveDrug costsEpidermal growth factorCECR2 drives breast cancer metastasis by promoting NF-κB signaling and macrophage-mediated immune suppression
Zhang M, Liu ZZ, Aoshima K, Cai WL, Sun H, Xu T, Zhang Y, An Y, Chen JF, Chan LH, Aoshima A, Lang SM, Tang Z, Che X, Li Y, Rutter SJ, Bossuyt V, Chen X, Morrow JS, Pusztai L, Rimm DL, Yin M, Yan Q. CECR2 drives breast cancer metastasis by promoting NF-κB signaling and macrophage-mediated immune suppression. Science Translational Medicine 2022, 14: eabf5473. PMID: 35108062, PMCID: PMC9003667, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf5473.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBreast cancer metastasisReticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog ACancer metastasisImmune suppressionM2 macrophagesWorse metastasis-free survivalMetastatic breast cancerMetastasis-free survivalV-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog ACancer-related deathPrimary breast tumorsMultiple mouse modelsNF-κB signalingImmunocompetent settingNuclear factor-κB family membersMetastasis-promoting genesDistant metastasisMetastatic sitesPrimary tumorEffective therapyBreast cancerMetastasis treatmentMouse modelBreast tumorsMetastasis
2021
Evaluating Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 in Hormone Receptor Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Receiving First Line Endocrine Therapy in the SWOG S0226 Trial
Paoletti C, Barlow WE, Cobain EF, Bergqvist M, Mehta RS, Gralow JR, Hortobagyi GN, Albain KS, Pusztai L, Sharma P, Godwin AK, Thompson AM, Hayes DF, Rae JM. Evaluating Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 in Hormone Receptor Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Receiving First Line Endocrine Therapy in the SWOG S0226 Trial. Clinical Cancer Research 2021, 27: clincanres.1562.2021. PMID: 34521624, PMCID: PMC8595696, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1562.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAntineoplastic Agents, HormonalAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsBreast NeoplasmsClinical Trials as TopicFemaleHumansKaplan-Meier EstimateMiddle AgedPrognosisReceptor, ErbB-2Receptors, EstrogenReceptors, ProgesteroneRetrospective StudiesThymidine KinaseTreatment OutcomeConceptsProgression-free survivalMetastatic breast cancerFirst-line endocrine therapyOverall survivalEndocrine therapyHormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer patientsHormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancerPositive metastatic breast cancer patientsSubsequent progression-free survivalMetastatic breast cancer patientsWorse progression-free survivalCombination endocrine therapySerum thymidine kinase 1Trial of anastrozoleThymidine kinase 1 activityBreast cancer patientsLog-rank testLine endocrine therapyDu/LAdjuvant tamoxifenPrognostic effectCox regressionPoor prognosisWorse prognosisKaplan-MeierEndocrine-Based Treatments in Clinically-Relevant Subgroups of Hormone Receptor-Positive/HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Schettini F, Giuliano M, Giudici F, Conte B, De Placido P, Venturini S, Rognoni C, Di Leo A, Locci M, Jerusalem G, Del Mastro L, Puglisi F, Conte P, De Laurentiis M, Pusztai L, Rimawi MF, Schiff R, Arpino G, De Placido S, Prat A, Generali D. Endocrine-Based Treatments in Clinically-Relevant Subgroups of Hormone Receptor-Positive/HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers 2021, 13: 1458. PMID: 33810205, PMCID: PMC8004645, DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061458.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMetastatic breast cancerSingle-agent endocrine therapyNegative metastatic breast cancerEndocrine therapyTarget therapyBreast cancerHormone receptor positive/HER2Phase II/IIIEndocrine-resistant tumorsPIK3CA-mutant tumorsOverall survival benefitValid therapeutic optionInternational treatment guidelinesRisk of relapseLine endocrine therapySystematic literature searchEffective regimenSurvival benefitTreatment guidelinesTherapeutic optionsComparable efficacyPooled resultsClinical trialsClinical subgroupsSensitive diseasePatterns of treatment with everolimus exemestane in hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer in the era of targeted therapy
Rozenblit M, Mun S, Soulos P, Adelson K, Pusztai L, Mougalian S. Patterns of treatment with everolimus exemestane in hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer in the era of targeted therapy. Breast Cancer Research 2021, 23: 14. PMID: 33514405, PMCID: PMC7844919, DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01394-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrior endocrine therapyEndocrine therapyMetastatic breast cancerEffective treatment optionTreatment optionsBreast cancerMedian treatmentMedian OSEE therapyHormone receptor-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancerMultivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysisHER2-negative metastatic breast cancerPrior treatmentCox proportional hazards regression analysisFirst-line therapy initiationProportional hazards regression analysisPrior treatment optionsLines of therapyProportion of patientsKaplan-Meier methodHazards regression analysisPatterns of treatmentElectronic health record-derived dataClinical trial dataOS benefit
2020
SGNLVA-001: A phase I open-label dose escalation and expansion study of SGN-LIV1A administered weekly in breast cancer.
Beckwith H, Medgyesy D, Abraham J, Nanda R, Tkaczuk K, Krop I, Pusztai L, Modi S, Mita M, Specht J, Hurvitz S, Han H, Kalinsky K, Wilks S, O'Shaughnessy J, Hart L, Rugo H, Mitri Z, Garfin P, Burris III H. SGNLVA-001: A phase I open-label dose escalation and expansion study of SGN-LIV1A administered weekly in breast cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2020, 38: tps1104-tps1104. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps1104.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMetastatic breast cancerMonomethyl auristatin EDose-expansion cohortsAntibody-drug conjugatesDose escalationBreast cancerRECIST v1.1Expansion cohortPrior linesCytotoxic chemotherapyMetastatic triple-negative breast cancerGrade 2 peripheral neuropathyInvestigational antibody-drug conjugateNegative metastatic breast cancerLIV-1Triple-negative breast cancerAdequate organ functionHumanized IgG1 monoclonal antibodyKey efficacy endpointsPrimary safety endpointProgression-free survivalDose-limiting toxicityDuration of responseOverall response rateMonths of completionOverall Survival of CDK4/6-Inhibitor–Based Treatments in Clinically Relevant Subgroups of Metastatic Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Schettini F, Giudici F, Giuliano M, Cristofanilli M, Arpino G, Del Mastro L, Puglisi F, De Placido S, Paris I, De Placido P, Venturini S, De Laurentis M, Conte P, Juric D, Llombart-Cussac A, Pusztai L, Prat A, Jerusalem G, Di Leo A, Generali D. Overall Survival of CDK4/6-Inhibitor–Based Treatments in Clinically Relevant Subgroups of Metastatic Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal Of The National Cancer Institute 2020, 112: 1089-1097. PMID: 32407488, PMCID: PMC7669227, DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa071.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsBreast NeoplasmsClinical Trials, Phase II as TopicClinical Trials, Phase III as TopicCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6FemaleHumansLetrozoleNeoplasm MetastasisPiperazinesProtein Kinase InhibitorsPyridinesRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicConceptsSecond-line therapyMetastatic breast cancerEndocrine therapyCDK4/6 inhibitorsVisceral involvementBreast cancerPostmenopausal metastatic breast cancerAvailable phase IIChemotherapy-naïve patientsClear OS benefitSpecific clinical subgroupsProgression-free survivalOverall survival dataBreast cancer prognosisStudy-level factorsCyclin-dependent kinase 4Random-effects modelSystematic literature searchEndocrine monotherapyOS benefitOS independentOverall survivalUpfront therapyMenopausal statusMetastatic sites
2019
Immunotherapy and targeted therapy combinations in metastatic breast cancer
Esteva FJ, Hubbard-Lucey VM, Tang J, Pusztai L. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy combinations in metastatic breast cancer. The Lancet Oncology 2019, 20: e175-e186. PMID: 30842061, DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30026-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMetastatic breast cancerBreast cancerImmune checkpoint inhibitorsTumor-infiltrating lymphocytesDeath ligand 1Most breast cancersNew treatment modalitiesSingle-drug therapyCyclin-dependent kinase 4Development of combinationsCheckpoint inhibitorsEndocrine therapyDeath-1Immunotherapeutic approachesBiological therapyTherapy combinationsTreatment modalitiesLittle efficacyImmune evasionAngiogenesis inhibitorsTherapyImmunotherapyCancerPolymerase inhibitorsMonoclonal antibodies
2018
TQuest, A Web-Based Platform to Enable Precision Medicine by Linking a Tumor’s Genetic Defects to Therapeutic Options
Gershkovich P, Platt J, Knopf J, Tasoulis MK, Shi W, Pusztai L, Hatzis C. TQuest, A Web-Based Platform to Enable Precision Medicine by Linking a Tumor’s Genetic Defects to Therapeutic Options. JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics 2018, 2: 1-13. PMID: 30652574, DOI: 10.1200/cci.17.00120.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsData acquisition layerFull-text indexAcquisition layerUser interfaceData layersPrototype web applicationWeb-based platformWeb applicationRelevance scoresSearch enginesSource codeSoftware toolsSearch resultsInterventional clinical trialsLabel dataClinical trialsTherapeutic optionsPlatformUS FoodMolecular abnormalitiesMetastatic breast cancerPotential therapeutic optionPotential treatment optionTumor DNA sequencingWeb-based modulesImmunological differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer
Szekely B, Bossuyt V, Li X, Wali VB, Patwardhan GA, Frederick C, Silber A, Park T, Harigopal M, Pelekanou V, Zhang M, Yan Q, Rimm DL, Bianchini G, Hatzis C, Pusztai L. Immunological differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer. Annals Of Oncology 2018, 29: 2232-2239. PMID: 30203045, DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy399.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAgedAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorBiopsyBreast NeoplasmsDisease ProgressionDrug Resistance, NeoplasmFemaleGene Expression RegulationHumansImmunologic SurveillanceLymphocyte CountLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMiddle AgedMutation RateTumor EscapeTumor MicroenvironmentYoung AdultConceptsMetastatic breast cancerBreast cancerTherapeutic targetToll-like receptor pathway genesImmuno-oncology therapeutic targetsBreast cancer evolvesImmune proteasome expressionPD-L1 positivityCorresponding primary tumorsPotential therapeutic targetMHC class IImmune-related genesMetastatic cancer samplesLigand/receptor pairLymphocyte countT helperT-regsPD-L1Immune microenvironmentCytotoxic TPrimary tumorMastoid cellsDisease progressionTherapeutic combinationsMacrophage markers