2023
Yoghurt Intake and Gastric Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 16 Studies of the StoP Consortium
Collatuzzo G, Negri E, Pelucchi C, Bonzi R, Turati F, Rabkin C, Liao L, Sinha R, Palli D, Ferraroni M, López-Carrillo L, Lunet N, Morais S, Albanes D, Weinstein S, Parisi D, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Dierssen-Sotos T, Jiménez-Moleón J, Vioque J, de la Hera M, Curado M, Dias-Neto E, Hernández-Ramírez R, López-Cervantes M, Ward M, Tsugane S, Hidaka A, Lagiou A, Lagiou P, Zhang Z, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Camargo M, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P. Yoghurt Intake and Gastric Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 16 Studies of the StoP Consortium. Nutrients 2023, 15: 1877. PMID: 37111097, PMCID: PMC10147010, DOI: 10.3390/nu15081877.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGastric cancerYoghurt intakeYoghurt consumptionOdds ratioMultivariable unconditional logistic regression modelStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectStudy-specific odds ratiosUnconditional logistic regression modelsFood frequency questionnairePopulation-based studyConfidence intervalsIntestinal gastric cancerLogistic regression modelsFrequency questionnaireIntestinal casesPooled analysisProtective effectPooling ProjectGut microbiotaGC casesDisease riskGC riskAdditional studiesIntakeCardia
2022
Inverse Association between Dietary Iron Intake and Gastric Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies of the Stop Consortium
Collatuzzo G, Teglia F, Pelucchi C, Negri E, Rabkin CS, Liao LM, Sinha R, López-Carrillo L, Lunet N, Morais S, Aragonés N, Moreno V, Vioque J, de la Hera M, Ward MH, Malekzadeh R, Pakseresht M, Hernández-Ramírez RU, López-Cervantes M, Bonzi R, Dalmartello M, Tsugane S, Hidaka A, Camargo MC, Curado MP, Zhang ZF, Zubair N, La Vecchia C, Shah S, Boffetta P. Inverse Association between Dietary Iron Intake and Gastric Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies of the Stop Consortium. Nutrients 2022, 14: 2555. PMID: 35745285, PMCID: PMC9228527, DOI: 10.3390/nu14122555.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDietary iron intakeCase-control studyIron intakeGastric cancerHistological typeOdds ratioDietary ironMultivariable unconditional logistic regression modelStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectTotal dietary iron intakeFruit/vegetable intakeUnconditional logistic regression modelsNon-cardia gastric cancerFood frequency questionnaireConfidence intervalsLogistic regression modelsAnatomical subsitesFrequency questionnaireSalt intakeSmoking statusPooled analysisIntestinal typeVegetable intakeInverse associationCaloric intakeThe mediating role of combined lifestyle factors on the relationship between education and gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project
Alicandro G, Bertuccio P, Collatuzzo G, Pelucchi C, Bonzi R, Liao LM, Rabkin CS, Sinha R, Negri E, Dalmartello M, Zaridze D, Maximovich D, Vioque J, Garcia de la Hera M, Tsugane S, Hidaka A, Hamada GS, López-Carrillo L, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Malekzadeh R, Pourfarzi F, Zhang ZF, Kurtz RC, Camargo MC, Curado MP, Lunet N, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. The mediating role of combined lifestyle factors on the relationship between education and gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project. British Journal Of Cancer 2022, 127: 855-862. PMID: 35624300, PMCID: PMC9427973, DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01857-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCase-Control StudiesEducational StatusHumansLife StyleMaleRisk FactorsStomach NeoplasmsConceptsLifestyle factorsGastric cancerOdds ratioStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectWarrants further investigationNatural direct effectNatural indirect effectReduced riskPooling ProjectReference categoryGC casesLower educationComplete dataCausal pathwaysCancerFurther investigationDirect effectMediation analysisLow levelsIndirect effectsPotential pathwaysMediation effectFactorsPathwayTea consumption and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis from the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project consortium
Martimianaki G, Alicandro G, Pelucchi C, Bonzi R, Rota M, Hu J, Johnson KC, Rabkin CS, Liao LM, Sinha R, Zhang ZF, Dalmartello M, Lunet N, Morais S, Palli D, Ferraroni M, Yu GP, Tsugane S, Hidaka A, Curado MP, Dias-Neto E, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Vioque J, Garcia de la Hera M, López-Carrillo L, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Hamada GS, Ward MH, Mu L, Malekzadeh R, Pourfarzi F, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Kurtz RC, Lagiou A, Lagiou P, Boccia S, Boffetta P, Camargo MC, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Tea consumption and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis from the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project consortium. British Journal Of Cancer 2022, 127: 726-734. PMID: 35610368, PMCID: PMC9381730, DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01856-w.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCase-Control StudiesHelicobacter InfectionsHumansOdds RatioRisk FactorsStomach NeoplasmsTeaConceptsStomach cancer pooling (StoP) project consortiumCups/dayGastric cancerTea consumptionInverse associationOdds ratioTea drinkersH. pylori infectionGastric cardia cancerWeak inverse associationConfidence intervalsStrong inverse associationRegular tea drinkersNon-regular drinkersGastric cancer riskCardia cancerPylori infectionRisk factorsCancer riskEpidemiological studiesRegular drinkersConclusionOur resultsTea drinkingCancerDrinkersSalt intake and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project
Morais S, Costa A, Albuquerque G, Araújo N, Pelucchi C, Rabkin CS, Liao LM, Sinha R, Zhang ZF, Hu J, Johnson KC, Palli D, Ferraroni M, Bonzi R, Yu GP, López-Carrillo L, Malekzadeh R, Tsugane S, Hidaka A, Hamada GS, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Vioque J, de la Hera MG, Moreno V, Vanaclocha-Espi M, Ward MH, Pakseresht M, Hernández-Ramirez RU, López-Cervantes M, Pourfarzi F, Mu L, Kurtz RC, Boccia S, Pastorino R, Lagiou A, Lagiou P, Boffetta P, Camargo MC, Curado MP, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Lunet N. Salt intake and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project. Cancer Causes & Control 2022, 33: 779-791. PMID: 35304655, DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01565-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTotal sodium intakeStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectSalt-preserved foodsGastric cancerSodium intakePooling ProjectSalt taste preferenceTaste preferencesHelicobacter pylori infectionSalty taste preferenceDietary salt exposureIndividual participant dataRandom-effects modelTable saltLowest tertileHighest tertileSalt intakePylori infectionHighest vs.STOP projectAnatomic sitesFood intakePurposePrevious studiesCancer riskSignificant associationAllium vegetables intake and the risk of gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project
Dalmartello M, Turati F, Zhang ZF, Lunet N, Rota M, Bonzi R, Galeone C, Martimianaki G, Palli D, Ferraroni M, Yu GP, Morais S, Malekzadeh R, López-Carrillo L, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Aragonés N, Fernández-Tardón G, Martin V, Vioque J, Garcia de la Hera M, Curado MP, Coimbra FJF, Assumpcao P, Pakseresht M, Hu J, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Ward MH, Pourfarzi F, Mu L, Tsugane S, Hidaka A, Lagiou P, Lagiou A, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Boffetta P, Camargo MC, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Pelucchi C. Allium vegetables intake and the risk of gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project. British Journal Of Cancer 2022, 126: 1755-1764. PMID: 35210588, PMCID: PMC9174191, DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01750-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectAllium vegetablesOdds ratioInverse associationPooling ProjectStudy-specific odds ratiosGC riskAllium vegetable intakePooled odds ratioGastric cancer riskIndividual participant dataHeterogeneity of resultsVegetable intakeGastric cancerHigh intakeCancer riskEpidemiological studiesGC casesParticipant dataStrong associationSubstantial heterogeneityRiskIntakeAssociationVegetablesIdentifying the profile of Helicobacter pylori negative gastric cancers: a case only analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project
Morais S, Peleteiro B, Araújo N, Malekzadeh R, Ye W, Plymoth A, Tsugane S, Hidaka A, Hamada GS, López-Carrillo L, Zaridze D, Maximovich D, Aragonés N, Castaño-Vinyals G, Pakseresht M, Hernández-Ramírez RU, López-Cervantes M, Leja M, Gasenko E, Pourfarzi F, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Derakhshan MH, Pelucchi C, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Lunet N. Identifying the profile of Helicobacter pylori negative gastric cancers: a case only analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2022, 31: cebp.0402.2021. PMID: 34728467, DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0402.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectGastric cancerNegative gastric cancerGastric atrophyRisk factorsOdds ratioFamily historyPooling ProjectPositive casesGastric cancer risk factorsInfection statusNon-cardia gastric cancerCancer risk factorsFirst-degree relativesHigh-risk profileAbsence of infectionOccurrence of cancerCurrent smokersPooled prevalenceCagA statusHpNGCSerologic testsLow prevalenceAdvanced stageCancer
2021
Coffee consumption and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis from the Stomach cancer Pooling Project consortium
Martimianaki G, Bertuccio P, Alicandro G, Pelucchi C, Bravi F, Carioli G, Bonzi R, Rabkin CS, Liao LM, Sinha R, Johnson K, Hu J, Palli D, Ferraroni M, Lunet N, Morais S, Tsugane S, Hidaka A, Hamada GS, López-Carrillo L, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Aragonés N, Martin V, Ward MH, Vioque J, de la Hera M, Zhang ZF, Kurtz RC, Lagiou P, Lagiou A, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Malekzadeh R, Camargo MC, Curado MP, Boccia S, Boffetta P, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Coffee consumption and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis from the Stomach cancer Pooling Project consortium. European Journal Of Cancer Prevention 2021, 31: 117-127. PMID: 34545022, PMCID: PMC8972971, DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000680.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCoffeeHumansLogistic ModelsObservational Studies as TopicOdds RatioRisk FactorsStomach NeoplasmsConceptsPooled odds ratioGastric cancerCoffee drinkersOdds ratioCoffee intakeCoffee consumptionStomach cancer pooling (StoP) project consortiumHigh coffee intakeGastric cardia cancerConfidence intervalsHeavy coffee drinkersDose-response relationshipLogistic mixed-effects modelsCardia cancerMore cupsRisk factorsObservational studyRare drinkersCancerAvailable evidenceMixed-effects modelsDrinkersRelevant associationsRandom interceptPositive association
2019
Smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection
Ferro A, Morais S, Pelucchi C, Aragonés N, Kogevinas M, López-Carrillo L, Malekzadeh R, Tsugane S, Hamada GS, Hidaka A, Hernández-Ramírez RU, López-Cervantes M, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Pourfarzi F, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Pakseresht M, Ye W, Plymoth A, Leja M, Gasenko E, Derakhshan MH, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Peleteiro B, Lunet N. Smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection. European Journal Of Cancer Prevention 2019, Publish Ahead of Print: &na;. PMID: 30272597, DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000471.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsH. pylori seropositivityHelicobacter pylori infectionPylori infectionPylori seropositivityPrevalence ratiosStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectDuration of smokingH. pylori infectionCase-control studyConfidence intervalsSummary odds ratiosIndividual participant dataOdds ratioEgger's testGastric cancerStratified analysisMajor covariatesPooling ProjectGreater prevalenceSmokingH. pyloriSignificant associationPublication biasSeropositivityInfectionSex differences in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: an individual participant data pooled analysis (StoP Project)
Ferro A, Morais S, Pelucchi C, Dierssen-Sotos T, Martín V, López-Carrillo L, Malekzadeh R, Tsugane S, Hamada GS, Hidaka A, Hernández-Ramírez RU, López-Cervantes M, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Pourfarzi F, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Pakseresht M, Ye W, Plymoth A, Leja M, Gasenko E, Derakhshan MH, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Peleteiro B, Lunet N. Sex differences in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: an individual participant data pooled analysis (StoP Project). European Journal Of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2019, 31: 593-598. PMID: 30839435, DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001389.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsH. pylori infectionHelicobacter pylori infectionPylori infectionPrevalence ratiosOdds ratioGastric atrophyIgG serum antibody titersStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectPublication biasInfection statusSerum antibody titersConfidence intervalsSummary odds ratiosSerum pepsinogen levelsIndividual participant dataLifetime infectionsMultiplex serologyAntibody titersHistological examinationPooling ProjectPepsinogen levelsOlder controlsInfectionParticipant dataStrong associationEducation and gastric cancer risk—An individual participant data meta‐analysis in the StoP project consortium
Rota M, Alicandro G, Pelucchi C, Bonzi R, Bertuccio P, Hu J, Zhang Z, Johnson KC, Palli D, Ferraroni M, Yu G, Galeone C, López‐Carrillo L, Muscat J, Lunet N, Ferro A, Ye W, Plymoth A, Malekzadeh R, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Kogevinas M, de Larrea N, Vioque J, Navarrete‐Muñoz E, Tsugane S, Hamada GS, Hidaka A, Pakseresht M, Wolk A, Håkansson N, Hernández‐Ramírez R, López‐Cervantes M, Ward M, Pourfarzi F, Mu L, Kurtz RC, Lagiou A, Lagiou P, Boffetta P, Boccia S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Education and gastric cancer risk—An individual participant data meta‐analysis in the StoP project consortium. International Journal Of Cancer 2019, 146: 671-681. PMID: 30919464, DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32298.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGastric cancer riskIndividual participant dataOdds ratioCancer riskSocioeconomic positionHighest household income categoryStomach cancer Pooling (StoP) ProjectStudy-specific odds ratiosH. pylori-negative subjectsGC riskParticipant dataPylori-negative subjectsStrong risk factorRandom-effects meta-analytic modelConfidence intervalsPooled odds ratioStrong inverse associationLow socioeconomic positionPublic health interventionsHousehold income categoryNegative subjectsInverse associationRisk factorsPooling ProjectPremature mortality
2018
Brief Report
Yanik EL, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, Lin H, Leyden W, Neugebauer RS, Horberg MA, Moore RD, Mathews WC, Justice AC, Hessol NA, Mayor AM, Gill MJ, Brooks JT, Sun J, Althoff KN, Engels EA, Silverberg MJ, Dubrow R. Brief Report. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2018, 78: 499-504. PMID: 29771785, PMCID: PMC6037538, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001719.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMelanoma incidenceAntiretroviral therapyGeneral populationMelanoma riskNorth American AIDS Cohort CollaborationRelationship of immunosuppressionWhite general populationHIV RNA levelsStandardized incidence ratiosCutaneous melanoma incidenceUltraviolet B exposureHigher melanoma incidenceHigh UVB exposureCohort CollaborationSkin surveillanceCD4 countHIV RNAImmune dysfunctionIncidence ratiosCox regressionHIV replicationRisk factorsCalendar periodWhite raceClinical care
2017
Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 2012: a population-based, registry-linkage study
Hernández-Ramírez RU, Shiels MS, Dubrow R, Engels EA. Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 2012: a population-based, registry-linkage study. The Lancet HIV 2017, 4: e495-e504. PMID: 28803888, PMCID: PMC5669995, DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(17)30125-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsStandardised incidence ratiosRegistry linkage studyVirus-related cancersCancer riskGeneral populationCancer RegistryModern antiretroviral therapy (ART) eraAntiretroviral therapy eraPopulation-based HIVUSA general populationCohort of HIVNon-Hodgkin lymphomaDiagnosis of cancerNational Cancer InstituteSIR differenceTherapy eraCancer overallIncident cancerMultivariable adjustmentART exposureIncidence ratiosAIDS onsetCommon cancerLung cancerKaposi's sarcoma
2016
Prevalence of non-HIV cancer risk factors in persons living with HIV/AIDS
Park LS, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Silverberg MJ, Crothers K, Dubrow R. Prevalence of non-HIV cancer risk factors in persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2016, 30: 273-291. PMID: 26691548, PMCID: PMC4689318, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000922.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsConceptsHigh-risk HPV infectionCancer risk factorsHepatitis B virusHepatitis C virusUS adultsHPV infectionRisk factorsHIV/AIDSPrevalence estimatesHuman papillomavirusAnal high-risk HPV infectionCervical high-risk HPV infectionOral high-risk HPV infectionModifiable cancer risk factorsOverweight/obesity prevalenceConsiderable study heterogeneityChronic HCV infectionOverweight/obesityPrevalence of smokingSummary prevalence estimatesBurden of cancerOncogenic virus infectionWestern high-income countriesAdult PLWHAAlcohol consumption prevalence
2014
Dietary Patterns and Gastric Cancer Risk in Mexico
Denova-Gutiérrez E, Hernández-Ramírez RU, López-Carrillo L. Dietary Patterns and Gastric Cancer Risk in Mexico. Nutrition And Cancer 2014, 66: 369-376. PMID: 24628363, DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.884237.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDietary patternsGastric cancerGC riskPopulation-based case-control studyLower GC riskMajor dietary patternsHealthy dietary patternCase-control studyMultiple epidemiological studiesGastric cancer riskConsumption of vegetablesExtreme quintilesHighest quintileLowest quintileCancer riskEpidemiological studiesFood groupsSignificant associationGC casesP-trendIndividual foodsQuintilePattern 1RiskWhite meat
2013
Arsenic Exposure and Calpain-10 Polymorphisms Impair the Function of Pancreatic Beta-Cells in Humans: A Pilot Study of Risk Factors for T2DM
Díaz-Villaseñor A, Cruz L, Cebrián A, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Hiriart M, García-Vargas G, Bassol S, Sordo M, Gandolfi AJ, Klimecki WT, López-Carillo L, Cebrián ME, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Arsenic Exposure and Calpain-10 Polymorphisms Impair the Function of Pancreatic Beta-Cells in Humans: A Pilot Study of Risk Factors for T2DM. PLOS ONE 2013, 8: e51642. PMID: 23349674, PMCID: PMC3551951, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051642.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBeta-cell functionLower beta-cell functionSNP-43Risk factorsInsulin sensitivitySNP-44IAs exposureSingle nucleotide polymorphismsChronic exposureCAPN-10Type 2 diabetes mellitusOutcomes of T2DMCalpain-10 polymorphismsGenetic risk factorsPancreatic beta cellsAction of insulinCalpain-10 geneDiabetes mellitusInverse associationInsulin secretionT2DMBeta cellsRisk genotypesArsenic exposurePilot study
2011
Personal care product use and urinary levels of phthalate metabolites in Mexican women
Romero-Franco M, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Calafat AM, Cebrián ME, Needham LL, Teitelbaum S, Wolff MS, López-Carrillo L. Personal care product use and urinary levels of phthalate metabolites in Mexican women. Environment International 2011, 37: 867-871. PMID: 21429583, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.014.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMono-3-carboxypropyl phthalateMono-n-butyl phthalateMono-2-ethylhexyl phthalatePhthalate metabolitesUrinary concentrationsMonoethyl phthalateUrinary levelsPopulation-based case-control studyOngoing population-based case-control studyPersonal care product useMono-isobutyl phthalateHigh-performance liquid chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometryCase-control studyDetectable urinary concentrationsCarboxypentyl phthalateHydroxyhexyl phthalateOxohexyl phthalateBreast cancerLiquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometryMonobenzyl phthalateReproductive historySociodemographic characteristicsGenetic susceptibilityPotential health impactsMexican women
2009
Exposure to Phthalates and Breast Cancer Risk in Northern Mexico
López-Carrillo L, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Calafat AM, Torres-Sánchez L, Galván-Portillo M, Needham LL, Ruiz-Ramos R, Cebrián ME. Exposure to Phthalates and Breast Cancer Risk in Northern Mexico. Environmental Health Perspectives 2009, 118: 539-544. PMID: 20368132, PMCID: PMC2854732, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901091.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBreast cancerMonoethyl phthalatePhthalate metabolitesUrinary concentrationsRisk of BCMono-n-butyl phthalateBreast cancer riskGeometric mean concentrationsPremenopausal womenRisk factorsParent phthalatesCancer riskMonobenzyl phthalateBC casesSignificant negative associationEndocrine systemMexican womenUrine samplesUbiquitous environmental pollutantWomenHigh-performance liquid chromatographyAssociationNegative associationExposureMCPPGastric cancer in relation to the intake of nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism among MTHFR 677 TT carriers
Galván-Portillo MV, Cantoral A, Oñate-Ocaña LF, Chen J, Herrera-Goepfert R, Torres-Sanchez L, Hernandez-Ramirez RU, Palma-Coca O, López-Carrillo L. Gastric cancer in relation to the intake of nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism among MTHFR 677 TT carriers. European Journal Of Nutrition 2009, 48: 269-276. PMID: 19288150, DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0010-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOne-carbon metabolismDNA methylationMTHFR 677 TT genotypeImportant epigenetic processDietary intakeTT genotypePopulation-based case-control studyGC riskMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductaseFood frequency questionnaireTranscriptional controlHuman genomeCase-control studySex-matched controlsEpigenetic processesPCR-RFLP analysisMTHFR 677 CCMTHFR 677 CBorderline of significanceKey enzymeIntake of nutrientsMetabolic pathwaysCancer initiationMethyl-donor nutrientsMethylation