2024
Cholesterol promotes IFNG mRNA expression in CD4+ effector/memory cells by SGK1 activation
Hanin A, Comi M, Sumida T, Hafler D. Cholesterol promotes IFNG mRNA expression in CD4+ effector/memory cells by SGK1 activation. Life Science Alliance 2024, 7: e202402890. PMID: 39366761, PMCID: PMC11452476, DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402890.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCholesterolHumansImmediate-Early ProteinsInterferon-gammaMaleMemory T CellsProtein Serine-Threonine KinasesRNA, MessengerConceptsCentral nervous systemT cellsEffector/memory cellsCentral nervous system milieuT cell environmentCD4 T cellsIFNG mRNA expressionCXCR3<sup>+</sup> cellsT cell homeostasisInhibition of SGK1Targeting lipid pathwaysMaintenance of immune surveillanceSerum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinaseImmune surveillanceHealthy donorsCytotoxic capacityEffector responsesInflammatory conditionsSGK1 activityMRNA expressionNervous systemSGK1Metabolic conditionsLipid pathwaysTissue adaptation
2023
PD-1highCXCR5–CD4+ peripheral helper T cells promote CXCR3+ plasmablasts in human acute viral infection
Asashima H, Mohanty S, Comi M, Ruff W, Hoehn K, Wong P, Klein J, Lucas C, Cohen I, Coffey S, Lele N, Greta L, Raddassi K, Chaudhary O, Unterman A, Emu B, Kleinstein S, Montgomery R, Iwasaki A, Dela Cruz C, Kaminski N, Shaw A, Hafler D, Sumida T. PD-1highCXCR5–CD4+ peripheral helper T cells promote CXCR3+ plasmablasts in human acute viral infection. Cell Reports 2023, 42: 111895. PMID: 36596303, PMCID: PMC9806868, DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111895.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCOVID-19HumansPlasma CellsProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorReceptors, CXCR3Receptors, CXCR5T-Lymphocytes, Helper-InducerConceptsAcute viral infectionTph cellsViral infectionCXCR3 expressionClinical outcomesHelper TSevere viral infectionsB cell helpBetter clinical outcomesProtective humoral immunityT cell-B cell interactionsKey immune responsesPlasmablast expansionB cell differentiationCell subsetsHumoral immunityCell helpImmune responseInterferon γPlasmablast differentiationB cellsPlasmablastsCell responsesInfectionCD4
2022
A multiple sclerosis–protective coding variant reveals an essential role for HDAC7 in regulatory T cells
Axisa P, Yoshida T, Lucca L, Kasler H, Lincoln M, Pham G, Del Priore D, Carpier J, Lucas C, Verdin E, Sumida T, Hafler D. A multiple sclerosis–protective coding variant reveals an essential role for HDAC7 in regulatory T cells. Science Translational Medicine 2022, 14: eabl3651. PMID: 36516268, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl3651.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesDisease Models, AnimalGenome-Wide Association StudyHistone DeacetylasesHumansMiceMultiple SclerosisT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryConceptsExperimental autoimmune encephalitisRegulatory T cellsHistone deacetylase 7Multiple sclerosisT cellsMouse modelFunction of Foxp3CD4 T cellsHigher suppressive capacityVivo modelingAutoimmune encephalitisEAE severityImmunosuppressive subsetAutoimmune diseasesImmunomodulatory roleSuppressive capacityImmune cellsDisease onsetDistinct molecular classesSusceptibility lociGenetic susceptibility lociSingle-cell RNA sequencingDisease riskPatient samplesProtective variantsSingle-cell multi-omics reveals dyssynchrony of the innate and adaptive immune system in progressive COVID-19
Unterman A, Sumida TS, Nouri N, Yan X, Zhao AY, Gasque V, Schupp JC, Asashima H, Liu Y, Cosme C, Deng W, Chen M, Raredon MSB, Hoehn KB, Wang G, Wang Z, DeIuliis G, Ravindra NG, Li N, Castaldi C, Wong P, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Sharma L, Casanovas-Massana A, Vogels CBF, Wyllie AL, Grubaugh ND, Melillo A, Meng H, Stein Y, Minasyan M, Mohanty S, Ruff WE, Cohen I, Raddassi K, Niklason L, Ko A, Montgomery R, Farhadian S, Iwasaki A, Shaw A, van Dijk D, Zhao H, Kleinstein S, Hafler D, Kaminski N, Dela Cruz C. Single-cell multi-omics reveals dyssynchrony of the innate and adaptive immune system in progressive COVID-19. Nature Communications 2022, 13: 440. PMID: 35064122, PMCID: PMC8782894, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27716-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptive ImmunityAgedAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCells, CulturedCOVID-19COVID-19 Drug TreatmentFemaleGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression RegulationHumansImmunity, InnateMaleReceptors, Antigen, B-CellReceptors, Antigen, T-CellRNA-SeqSARS-CoV-2Single-Cell AnalysisConceptsProgressive COVID-19B cell clonesSingle-cell analysisT cellsImmune responseMulti-omics single-cell analysisCOVID-19Cell clonesAdaptive immune interactionsSevere COVID-19Dynamic immune responsesGene expressionSARS-CoV-2 virusAdaptive immune systemSomatic hypermutation frequenciesCellular effectsProtein markersEffector CD8Immune signaturesProgressive diseaseHypermutation frequencyProgressive courseClassical monocytesClonesImmune interactions
2017
Functional differences between PD-1+ and PD-1- CD4+ effector T cells in healthy donors and patients with glioblastoma multiforme
Goods BA, Hernandez AL, Lowther DE, Lucca LE, Lerner BA, Gunel M, Raddassi K, Coric V, Hafler DA, Love JC. Functional differences between PD-1+ and PD-1- CD4+ effector T cells in healthy donors and patients with glioblastoma multiforme. PLOS ONE 2017, 12: e0181538. PMID: 28880903, PMCID: PMC5589094, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181538.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImmune checkpoint inhibitorsPD-1 expressionEffector T cellsPD-1Effector cellsGlioblastoma multiformeCheckpoint inhibitorsTim-3T cellsHealthy subjectsCell death protein 1Features of exhaustionDeath protein 1T cell compartmentContext of GBMRecovery of functionCD4 effectorsCD4 cellsRNA sequencingTreatment of cancerHealthy donorsGBM patientsBrain cancerCD4Tumors
2016
The Link Between CD6 and Autoimmunity: Genetic and Cellular Associations.
Kofler DM, Farkas A, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Hafler DA. The Link Between CD6 and Autoimmunity: Genetic and Cellular Associations. Current Drug Targets 2016, 17: 651-65. PMID: 26844569, DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666160201105934.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteArthritis, RheumatoidAutoimmunityCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell Adhesion Molecules, NeuronalClinical Trials as TopicDisease Models, AnimalFetal ProteinsGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansMultiple SclerosisPolymorphism, Single NucleotideConceptsMultiple sclerosisRheumatoid arthritisCentral nervous systemNervous systemSingle nucleotide polymorphismsDevelopment of MSTreatment of RARole of CD6T cell traffickingT cell functionGenetic risk factorsEndothelial cell barrierCD6 geneClinical responseGenetic associationClinical featuresAutoimmune diseasesSynovial cellsRisk factorsTumor necrosisSynovial fibroblastsPossible common mechanismT cellsT lymphocytesLeukocyte trafficking
2015
Sodium chloride inhibits the suppressive function of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells
Hernandez AL, Kitz A, Wu C, Lowther DE, Rodriguez DM, Vudattu N, Deng S, Herold KC, Kuchroo VK, Kleinewietfeld M, Hafler DA. Sodium chloride inhibits the suppressive function of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2015, 125: 4212-4222. PMID: 26524592, PMCID: PMC4639983, DOI: 10.1172/jci81151.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdoptive TransferAnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingAutoimmunityCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCells, CulturedCoculture TechniquesColitisCytokinesForkhead Transcription FactorsGene Expression ProfilingGenes, ReporterGraft vs Host DiseaseHeterograftsHumansImmediate-Early ProteinsInflammationInterferon-gammaLeukocytes, MononuclearMaleMiceProtein Serine-Threonine KinasesRNA InterferenceRNA, Small InterferingSodium ChlorideSodium Chloride, DietaryT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryConceptsHigh-salt dietTreg functionIFNγ secretionCD4 effector cellsHuman Treg functionRegulatory T cellsAdoptive transfer modelAnti-IFNγ antibodyHost disease modelType 1 diabetesInduction of proinflammatoryTreg pathwayExperimental colitisXenogeneic graftEffector cellsMultiple sclerosisProinflammatory responseT cellsTregsMurine modelSuppressive activitySuppressive functionSerum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinaseAutoimmunityGlucocorticoid-regulated kinaseGenetic variants associated with autoimmunity drive NFκB signaling and responses to inflammatory stimuli
Housley WJ, Fernandez SD, Vera K, Murikinati SR, Grutzendler J, Cuerdon N, Glick L, De Jager PL, Mitrovic M, Cotsapas C, Hafler DA. Genetic variants associated with autoimmunity drive NFκB signaling and responses to inflammatory stimuli. Science Translational Medicine 2015, 7: 291ra93. PMID: 26062845, PMCID: PMC4574294, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa9223.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAge FactorsAllelesAutoimmunityCase-Control StudiesCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell NucleusCytokinesFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansInflammationMaleMiddle AgedMultiple SclerosisNF-kappa BPolymorphism, Single NucleotideProtein TransportReceptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type IRisk FactorsSex CharacteristicsSignal TransductionTime FactorsTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaConceptsB-cell leukemia 3Multiple sclerosisNegative regulatorInflammatory stimuliGenetic variantsWide association studyDisease susceptibility variantsNaïve CD4 T cellsRapid genetic screeningCD4 T cellsActivation of p65Transcription factor nuclear factor κBExpression of NFκBNuclear factor κBApoptosis 1Cellular inhibitorGG risk genotypeDegradation of inhibitorCentral regulatorAssociation studiesCytokine blockadeUlcerative colitisAutoimmune diseasesTumor necrosisSusceptibility variants
2014
TLR7 induces anergy in human CD4+ T cells
Dominguez-Villar M, Gautron AS, de Marcken M, Keller MJ, Hafler DA. TLR7 induces anergy in human CD4+ T cells. Nature Immunology 2014, 16: 118-128. PMID: 25401424, PMCID: PMC4413902, DOI: 10.1038/ni.3036.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPolarization of the Effects of Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Risk Alleles in Leukocytes
Raj T, Rothamel K, Mostafavi S, Ye C, Lee MN, Replogle JM, Feng T, Lee M, Asinovski N, Frohlich I, Imboywa S, Von Korff A, Okada Y, Patsopoulos NA, Davis S, McCabe C, Paik HI, Srivastava GP, Raychaudhuri S, Hafler DA, Koller D, Regev A, Hacohen N, Mathis D, Benoist C, Stranger BE, De Jager PL. Polarization of the Effects of Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Risk Alleles in Leukocytes. Science 2014, 344: 519-523. PMID: 24786080, PMCID: PMC4910825, DOI: 10.1126/science.1249547.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptive ImmunityAllelesAlzheimer DiseaseAutoimmune DiseasesAutoimmunityCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesEthnicityGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansImmunity, InnateMonocytesMultiple SclerosisNeurodegenerative DiseasesParkinson DiseasePolymorphism, Single NucleotideQuantitative Trait LociRheumatic FeverTranscriptomeConceptsSpecific immune cell typesHuman immune functionImmune cell typesMulti-ethnic cohortCell-autonomous effectsAutoimmune diseasesT cellsImmune functionParkinson's diseaseHealthy individualsInnate immunityRisk allelesDiseaseExpression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studiesQuantitative trait loci studiesSusceptibility allelesPutative functional assignmentsCausal regulatory variantsDisease-associated lociDisease susceptibility variantsCell typesSusceptibility variantsTrans-eQTLsFunctional assignmentRegulatory variants
2012
The TIGIT/CD226 Axis Regulates Human T Cell Function
Lozano E, Dominguez-Villar M, Kuchroo V, Hafler DA. The TIGIT/CD226 Axis Regulates Human T Cell Function. The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 3869-3875. PMID: 22427644, PMCID: PMC3324669, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103627.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntibodies, MonoclonalAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell CommunicationCell ProliferationCells, CulturedCytokinesDendritic CellsGATA3 Transcription FactorGene Expression RegulationHumansImmune ToleranceReceptors, ImmunologicReceptors, VirusRNA, Small InterferingSignal TransductionT-Box Domain ProteinsConceptsT cell functionT cellsAutoimmune diseasesT-betTIGIT/CD226 axisHuman T cell responsesT cell-intrinsic mannerHuman T cell functionAlternative costimulatory pathwaysT cell responsesCell functionDendritic cell surfaceHuman autoimmune diseasesIL-10 expressionT cell IgIFN regulatory factor 4T cell proliferationOrphan receptor CDirect inhibitory effectIFN-γ mRNACell-intrinsic mannerRegulatory factor 4TIGIT expressionTIGIT knockdownTolerogenic phenotypeClass II MHC Self-Antigen Presentation in Human B and T Lymphocytes
Costantino CM, Spooner E, Ploegh HL, Hafler DA. Class II MHC Self-Antigen Presentation in Human B and T Lymphocytes. PLOS ONE 2012, 7: e29805. PMID: 22299025, PMCID: PMC3267721, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029805.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntigen PresentationAntigen-Antibody ComplexAutoantigensB-LymphocytesBlood DonorsCase-Control StudiesCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell Line, TransformedHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIHLA-DR AntigensHumansModels, BiologicalPeptidesProteomeSpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationT-LymphocytesTandem Mass SpectrometryConceptsHLA-DRT cellsPeptide repertoireSelf-antigen presentationAntigen presenting cellsEndogenous peptide repertoireB cell repertoireT-cell processMHC-peptide complexesIL-2Presenting cellsAPC typesT lymphocytesCell repertoireNovel epitopesB cellsHuman BEndogenous epitopesClass II MHC-peptide complexesPeptide epitopesEpitopesCellsCell processesCell-specific proteomesVast majority
2011
The CD6 Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility Allele Is Associated with Alterations in CD4+ T Cell Proliferation
Kofler DM, Severson CA, Mousissian N, De Jager PL, Hafler DA. The CD6 Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility Allele Is Associated with Alterations in CD4+ T Cell Proliferation. The Journal Of Immunology 2011, 187: 3286-3291. PMID: 21849685, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100626.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAllelesAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCell ProliferationCell SeparationCells, CulturedFemaleFlow CytometryGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenotypeHumansMaleMultiple SclerosisPhenotypeReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRisk FactorsRNA, Small InterferingConceptsGenome-wide association studiesAssociation studiesAllelic variantsNew susceptibility lociSusceptibility allelesRisk allelesProliferation defectExon 5Risk-associated allelesSingle nucleotide polymorphismsExtracellular binding sitesCD6 geneSusceptibility lociLinkage disequilibriumMS risk alleleSelective knockdownT cell activationNucleotide polymorphismsAltered proliferationCell proliferationGenetic associationAllelesLong-term activationBinding sitesMS susceptibility allelesIncreased Frequencies of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/MHC Class II-Binding CD4 Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Raddassi K, Kent SC, Yang J, Bourcier K, Bradshaw EM, Seyfert-Margolis V, Nepom GT, Kwok WW, Hafler DA. Increased Frequencies of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/MHC Class II-Binding CD4 Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. The Journal Of Immunology 2011, 187: 1039-1046. PMID: 21653833, PMCID: PMC3131477, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001543.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAmino Acid SubstitutionCD4 Lymphocyte CountCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell CommunicationCell Line, TransformedCells, CulturedEpitopes, T-LymphocyteFemaleGene FrequencyHLA-DR AntigensHLA-DRB1 ChainsHumansImmunophenotypingMaleMiddle AgedMultiple SclerosisMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinPeptide FragmentsProtein BindingProtein MultimerizationConceptsMyelin-reactive T cellsMultiple sclerosisT cell clonesT cellsHealthy controlsMOG-reactive T cellsAutoantigen-specific T cellsCell clonesStimulation of PMBCsClass II tetramersPathogenic immune cellsReactive T cellsSpecific T cellsMyelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteinHLA class IIBlood of subjectsT-cell cloning techniqueMOG peptidesShort-term cultureCD4 cellsMS subjectsAutoimmune diseasesPeripheral bloodControl subjectsOligodendrocyte glycoprotein
2009
On-Chip Activation and Subsequent Detection of Individual Antigen-Specific T Cells
Song Q, Han Q, Bradshaw EM, Kent SC, Raddassi K, Nilsson B, Nepom GT, Hafler DA, Love JC. On-Chip Activation and Subsequent Detection of Individual Antigen-Specific T Cells. Analytical Chemistry 2009, 82: 473-477. PMID: 20000848, PMCID: PMC2828941, DOI: 10.1021/ac9024363.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntibodiesCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIHumansInterferon-gammaInterleukin-17Lab-On-A-Chip DevicesPeptidesTissue Array AnalysisConceptsAntigen-specific T cellsAntigen-specific CD4T cellsAntigen-specific mannerType 1 diabetesMajor histocompatibility complex receptorIndividual CD4Multiple sclerosisAutoimmune diseasesPrimary T cellsCD4Subnanoliter wellsClinical samplesNumber of cellsComplex receptorSubsequent assessmentHuman tissuesCellsChip activationVivoActivationSclerosisDiabetesCytokinesDiseaseTIM‐3 is expressed on activated human CD4+ T cells and regulates Th1 and Th17 cytokines
Hastings WD, Anderson DE, Kassam N, Koguchi K, Greenfield EA, Kent SC, Zheng XX, Strom TB, Hafler DA, Kuchroo VK. TIM‐3 is expressed on activated human CD4+ T cells and regulates Th1 and Th17 cytokines. European Journal Of Immunology 2009, 39: 2492-2501. PMID: 19676072, PMCID: PMC2759376, DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939274.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCathepsin S Regulates Class II MHC Processing in Human CD4+ HLA-DR+ T Cells
Costantino CM, Ploegh HL, Hafler DA. Cathepsin S Regulates Class II MHC Processing in Human CD4+ HLA-DR+ T Cells. The Journal Of Immunology 2009, 183: 945-952. PMID: 19553543, PMCID: PMC2752291, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900921.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsT cellsCathepsin S expressionSelf-Ag presentationClass II MHC moleculesClass II MHCT cell clonesCathepsin SII MHC moleculesCLIP expressionProfessional APCsConsequence of activationII MHCHuman CD4Presentation pathwayB cellsMHC moleculesEx vivoHLACell clonesInvariant chain proteolysisLysosomal proteasesS expressionCellsActivationCell surface
2008
Lack of TIM-3 Immunoregulation in Multiple Sclerosis
Yang L, Anderson DE, Kuchroo J, Hafler DA. Lack of TIM-3 Immunoregulation in Multiple Sclerosis. The Journal Of Immunology 2008, 180: 4409-4414. PMID: 18354161, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4409.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultApoptosisCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCells, CulturedGene Expression RegulationHepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2HumansInterferon-gammaMembrane ProteinsMultiple SclerosisConceptsMultiple sclerosisT cell functionTim-3Untreated patientsTreatment of MSType 1 Th cellsBlocking Tim-3Tim-3 functionTim-3 regulationT-cell infiltratesTim-3 expressionPeripheral immune systemCell functionHuman autoimmune diseasesIFN-gamma secretionCNS white matterT cell stimulationHuman Tim-3Cell infiltrateGlatiramer acetateImmune toleranceAutoimmune diseasesControl subjectsTh cellsInflammatory diseasesLysosomal Cysteine and Aspartic Proteases Are Heterogeneously Expressed and Act Redundantly to Initiate Human Invariant Chain Degradation
Costantino CM, Hang HC, Kent SC, Hafler DA, Ploegh HL. Lysosomal Cysteine and Aspartic Proteases Are Heterogeneously Expressed and Act Redundantly to Initiate Human Invariant Chain Degradation. The Journal Of Immunology 2008, 180: 2876-2885. PMID: 18292509, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2876.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAntigen PresentationAntigens, Differentiation, B-LymphocyteAspartic Acid EndopeptidasesB-LymphocytesCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell Line, TransformedClone CellsCoculture TechniquesCysteine EndopeptidasesGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicGenetic HeterogeneityHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIHLA-D AntigensHumansLysosomesMolecular Sequence DataProtease InhibitorsProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalConceptsAsparagine endopeptidasePeptide AgClass II MHC productsMyelin basic protein epitopeClass II MHCClass II invariant chainInvariant chain cleavageInvariant chain degradationPresentation of AgInvariant chain processingAEP inhibitionB cell linesDistinct allelic variantsII MHCMHC productsDifferent EBVMHC dimersAllelic variantsHuman AgInvariant chainAltered regulation
2006
Alterations in CD46-mediated Tr1 regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis
Astier AL, Meiffren G, Freeman S, Hafler DA. Alterations in CD46-mediated Tr1 regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2006, 116: 3252-3257. PMID: 17099776, PMCID: PMC1635165, DOI: 10.1172/jci29251.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIL-10 secretionTr1 regulatory T cellsRegulatory T cellsHuman autoimmune diseasesMultiple sclerosisT cellsAutoimmune diseasesTr1 cellsIL-10Antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10Cytokine IL-10IFN-gamma secretionT cell functionT cell activationHuman T cellsTreg defectsTreg phenotypeTreg functionCostimulatory moleculesHealthy subjectsMurine modelCD46 costimulationCell activationCD28 costimulationPatients