2023
Association of HIV Infection and Incident Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Among 143 001 Veterans
Filipkowski A, Kundu S, Eden S, Alcorn C, Justice A, So-Armah K, Tindle H, Wells Q, Beckman J, Freiberg M, Aday A. Association of HIV Infection and Incident Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Among 143 001 Veterans. Circulation 2023, 148: 135-143. PMID: 37226738, PMCID: PMC10443901, DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.063040.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIncident abdominal aortic aneurysmT-cell countsHIV viral loadAbdominal aortic aneurysmRisk of AAAHIV infectionViral loadAortic aneurysmElevated HIV viral loadCardiovascular disease risk factorsVeterans Aging Cohort StudyCox proportional hazards modelCurrent Procedural Terminology codesAging Cohort StudyDisease risk factorsProportional hazards modelProcedural Terminology codesPrevious cross-sectional dataAAA eventsLow CD4Cohort studyHIV statusRisk factorsLongitudinal cohortCardiovascular disease
2022
Analysis of Severe Illness After Postvaccination COVID-19 Breakthrough Among Adults With and Without HIV in the US
Lang R, Humes E, Coburn SB, Horberg MA, Fathi LF, Watson E, Jefferson CR, Park LS, Gordon KS, Akgün KM, Justice AC, Napravnik S, Edwards JK, Browne LE, Agil DM, Silverberg MJ, Skarbinski J, Leyden WA, Stewart C, Hogan BC, Gebo KA, Marconi VC, Williams CF, Althoff KN. Analysis of Severe Illness After Postvaccination COVID-19 Breakthrough Among Adults With and Without HIV in the US. JAMA Network Open 2022, 5: e2236397. PMID: 36227594, PMCID: PMC9561947, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36397.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBreakthrough COVID-19Breakthrough infectionsHIV statusCohort studySevere illnessMAIN OUTCOMEBreakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infectionCOVID-19 vaccine typesLow CD4 cell countsSARS-CoV-2 infectionCOVID-19Severe immune suppressionCD4 cell countProportion of patientsCells/μLPrevious COVID-19Additional vaccine dosesProportional hazards modelDiscrete-time proportional hazards modelsRisk reduction recommendationsVaccine guidelinesCD4 cellsCumulative incidenceHazard ratioClinical factors
2021
Circulating CD4+ TEMRA and CD4+ CD28− T cells and incident diabetes among persons with and without HIV
Bailin SS, Kundu S, Wellons M, Freiberg MS, Doyle MF, Tracy RP, Justice AC, Wanjalla CN, Landay AL, So-Armah K, Mallal S, Kropski JA, Koethe JR. Circulating CD4+ TEMRA and CD4+ CD28− T cells and incident diabetes among persons with and without HIV. AIDS 2021, 36: 501-511. PMID: 34860194, PMCID: PMC8881388, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003137.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsT cell subsetsIncident diabetesT cellsVeterans Aging Cohort StudyPeripheral mononuclear blood cellsIncident diabetes diagnosisPrevalent diabetes mellitusT effector memoryHIV-negative personsHIV-negative individualsTraditional risk factorsAging Cohort StudyCD28- T cellsSenescent T cellsT cell populationsProportional hazards modelMononuclear blood cellsHigh baseline frequencyCytomegalovirus serostatusCirculating CD4Chart reviewCohort studyEffector memoryInflammatory biomarkersMemory CD4Dexamethasone in hospitalised COVID-19 patients not on intensive respiratory support
Crothers K, DeFaccio R, Tate J, Alba PR, Goetz MB, Jones B, King JT, Marconi V, Ohl ME, Rentsch CT, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Shahrir S, Justice AC, Akgün KM, Group F. Dexamethasone in hospitalised COVID-19 patients not on intensive respiratory support. European Respiratory Journal 2021, 60: 2102532. PMID: 34824060, PMCID: PMC8841623, DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02532-2021.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntensive respiratory supportHospitalised COVID-19 patientsCOVID-19 patientsNasal cannulaEarly dexamethasoneRespiratory supportSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Low-flow nasal cannulaAcute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patientsRespiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Cox proportional hazards modelUS Veterans Affairs hospitalsSyndrome coronavirus 2Veterans Affairs hospitalProportional hazards modelCOVID-19Prior corticosteroidsCause mortalityMortality benefitTotal patientsCoronavirus 2Unexposed groupReal-world findingsEarly initiationCOVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Stewart M, Rodriguez-Watson C, Albayrak A, Asubonteng J, Belli A, Brown T, Cho K, Das R, Eldridge E, Gatto N, Gelman A, Gerlovin H, Goldberg SL, Hansen E, Hirsch J, Ho YL, Ip A, Izano M, Jones J, Justice AC, Klesh R, Kuranz S, Lam C, Mao Q, Mataraso S, Mera R, Posner DC, Rassen JA, Siefkas A, Schrag A, Tourassi G, Weckstein A, Wolf F, Bhat A, Winckler S, Sigal EV, Allen J. COVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. PLOS ONE 2021, 16: e0248128. PMID: 33730088, PMCID: PMC7968637, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248128.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHospitalized COVID-19 patientsCOVID-19 patientsUse of hydroxychloroquineElectronic health recordsAdverse eventsTreatment groupsCOVID-19Administration of hydroxychloroquineReagan-Udall FoundationProportional hazards modelHealth systems researchHospitalized patientsElevated riskPropensity score methodsHazards modelHydroxychloroquinePatientsSignificant global threatPharmaceutical interventionsAzithromycinHealth recordsMortalityCOVID-19 pandemicCancer researchTreatment
2020
Health System‐Based Unhealthy Alcohol Use Screening and Treatment Comparing Demographically Matched Participants With and Without HIV
Silverberg MJ, Levine‐Hall T, Hood N, Anderson AN, Alexeeff SE, Lam JO, Slome SB, Flamm JA, Hare C, Ross T, Justice A, Sterne JAC, Williams A, Bryant KJ, Weisner CM, Horberg MA, Sterling SA, Satre DD. Health System‐Based Unhealthy Alcohol Use Screening and Treatment Comparing Demographically Matched Participants With and Without HIV. Alcohol Clinical And Experimental Research 2020, 44: 2545-2554. PMID: 33067802, PMCID: PMC7725961, DOI: 10.1111/acer.14481.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsUnhealthy alcohol useAlcohol use screeningHIV statusBrief interventionRace/ethnicityAlcohol useSpecialty visitsHazard ratioPrevalence ratiosLarge integrated healthcare systemCharlson Comorbidity IndexSpecialty care visitsProportional hazards modelIntegrated healthcare systemOutcomes of timeSubstance use disordersAddiction specialty careNeighborhood deprivation indexElectronic health recordsComorbidity indexAdult PLWHCare visitsCohort studyOutpatient visitsSignificant morbidityFrequency and Duration of Incarceration and Mortality Among US Veterans With and Without HIV.
Hawks LC, McGinnis KA, Howell BA, Khan MR, Edelman EJ, Justice AC, Wang EA. Frequency and Duration of Incarceration and Mortality Among US Veterans With and Without HIV. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2020, 84: 220-227. PMID: 32049771, PMCID: PMC7228828, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002325.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk of mortalityAdjusted hazard ratioCohort studyHIV statusVeterans Aging Cohort StudyCox proportional hazards modelTransitional health careProspective cohort studyAging Cohort StudyConfidence intervalsProportional hazards modelDose-response fashionFrequency of incarcerationDuration of incarcerationIncarceration exposureHIV careHazard ratioPrimary exposureUS veteransLeading causeHigh riskIncrease riskHazards modelCumulative durationPWHFIB-4 stage of liver fibrosis is associated with incident heart failure with preserved, but not reduced, ejection fraction among people with and without HIV or hepatitis C
So-Armah KA, Lim JK, Re V, Tate JP, Chang CH, Butt AA, Gibert CL, Rimland D, Marconi VC, Goetz MB, Ramachandran V, Brittain E, Long M, Nguyen KL, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Budoff MJ, Tindle HA, Samet JH, Justice AC, Freiberg MS, Team V. FIB-4 stage of liver fibrosis is associated with incident heart failure with preserved, but not reduced, ejection fraction among people with and without HIV or hepatitis C. Progress In Cardiovascular Diseases 2020, 63: 184-191. PMID: 32068085, PMCID: PMC7278895, DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.02.010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-HIV AgentsFemaleHealth StatusHeart FailureHepatitis CHIV InfectionsHIV Long-Term SurvivorsHumansIncidenceLiver CirrhosisMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSeverity of Illness IndexStroke VolumeTime FactorsUnited StatesVentricular Function, LeftVeterans HealthViral LoadConceptsType of HFIncident heart failureHeart failureHepatitis C statusAdvanced fibrosisLiver fibrosisEjection fractionHazard ratioC statusVeterans Aging Cohort StudyRisk of HFpEFLast clinic visitReduced ejection fractionAging Cohort StudyLiver fibrosis scoresPrevalent cardiovascular diseaseFirst HF eventProportional hazards modelIncident HFpEFHepatitis CClinic visitsCohort studyPrimary outcomeFibrosis scoreHF events
2018
Racial/ethnic differences in the association between alcohol use and mortality among men living with HIV
Bensley KM, McGinnis KA, Fiellin DA, Gordon AJ, Kraemer KL, Bryant KJ, Edelman EJ, Crystal S, Gaither JR, Korthuis PT, Marshall BDL, Ornelas IJ, Chan KCG, Dombrowski JC, Fortney JC, Justice AC, Williams EC. Racial/ethnic differences in the association between alcohol use and mortality among men living with HIV. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 2018, 13: 2. PMID: 29353555, PMCID: PMC6389249, DOI: 10.1186/s13722-017-0103-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLow-risk alcohol useMortality riskAlcohol useRace/ethnicityWhite PLWHMortality rateAlcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) questionnaireVeterans Aging Cohort StudyCox proportional hazards modelHigh-risk alcohol useAUDIT-C screeningAging Cohort StudyElectronic health record dataRisk of mortalityHigh-risk relativesUnhealthy alcohol useHigher mortality riskProportional hazards modelHealth record dataHigh mortality rateEthnic groupsMale PLWHCohort studyWhite patientsGeneral outpatients
2017
Ten-year trends in antiretroviral therapy persistence among US Medicaid beneficiaries
Youn B, Shireman TI, Lee Y, Galárraga O, Rana AI, Justice AC, Wilson IB. Ten-year trends in antiretroviral therapy persistence among US Medicaid beneficiaries. AIDS 2017, 31: 1697-1707. PMID: 28700393, PMCID: PMC5625296, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001541.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAngiotensin II receptor blockersII receptor blockersHIV patientsControl medicationTherapy persistenceReceptor blockersEnzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockersCox proportional hazards modelNon-HIV medicationsUS Medicaid beneficiariesHIV-negative controlsRetrospective cohort studyKaplan-Meier curvesDuration of treatmentProportional hazards modelTen-year trendsSecular trendsART initiatorsCohort studyHazard ratioMedian timeFill dateMedicaid claimsMedicaid beneficiariesAdjusted model
2016
Baseline, Time-Updated, and Cumulative HIV Care Metrics for Predicting Acute Myocardial Infarction and All-Cause Mortality
Salinas JL, Rentsch C, Marconi VC, Tate J, Budoff M, Butt AA, Freiberg MS, Gibert CL, Goetz MB, Leaf D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Justice AC, Rimland D. Baseline, Time-Updated, and Cumulative HIV Care Metrics for Predicting Acute Myocardial Infarction and All-Cause Mortality. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016, 63: 1423-1430. PMID: 27539575, PMCID: PMC5106607, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw564.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionIncident acute myocardial infarctionVeterans Aging Cohort StudyCombination antiretroviral therapyCardiovascular risk factorsHIV-1 RNAVACS IndexHazard ratioMyocardial infarctionRisk factorsMultivariable proportional hazards modelsVACS Index scoreLast clinic visitAging Cohort StudyHuman immunodeficiency virusProportional hazards modelCART initiationAntiretroviral therapyCause mortalityCD4 countClinic visitsCohort studyOrgan injuryPrimary outcomeImmunodeficiency virusRisk of mortality and physiologic injury evident with lower alcohol exposure among HIV infected compared with uninfected men
Justice AC, McGinnis KA, Tate JP, Braithwaite RS, Bryant KJ, Cook RL, Edelman EJ, Fiellin LE, Freiberg MS, Gordon AJ, Kraemer KL, Marshall BD, Williams EC, Fiellin DA. Risk of mortality and physiologic injury evident with lower alcohol exposure among HIV infected compared with uninfected men. Drug And Alcohol Dependence 2016, 161: 95-103. PMID: 26861883, PMCID: PMC4792710, DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.017.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVeterans Aging Cohort StudyRisk of mortalityAUDIT-C scoresUninfected individualsPhysiologic injuryAlcohol exposureUndetectable HIV-1 RNACox proportional hazards modelAlcohol useVACS Index scoreHepatitis C infectionAging Cohort StudyHIV-1 RNAProportional hazards modelAlcohol consumption limitsLow alcohol exposureAlcohol-related harmRace/ethnicityAntiretroviral therapyC infectionUninfected menCohort studyHIV statusHazards modelIndex score
2015
Depression and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Are Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure Among Veterans
White JR, Chang CC, So-Armah KA, Stewart JC, Gupta SK, Butt AA, Gibert CL, Rimland D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Leaf DA, Bedimo RJ, Gottdiener JS, Kop WJ, Gottlieb SS, Budoff MJ, Khambaty T, Tindle HA, Justice AC, Freiberg MS. Depression and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Are Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure Among Veterans. Circulation 2015, 132: 1630-1638. PMID: 26358261, PMCID: PMC4624488, DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.014443.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgingAntidepressive AgentsAnti-HIV AgentsCardiovascular DiseasesComorbidityDepressive Disorder, MajorDiabetes MellitusElectronic Health RecordsEthnicityFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHeart FailureHIV InfectionsHumansHyperlipidemiasIncidenceKidney DiseasesMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRisk FactorsSubstance-Related DisordersUnited StatesVeteransConceptsMajor depressive disorderRisk factorsHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionCox proportional hazards modelBaseline antidepressant useIncident HF eventsRisk of HFIncident heart failureImmunodeficiency virus infectionIndependent risk factorCohort Study participantsHeart failure riskProportional hazards modelHF morbidityCommon comorbiditiesIncident HFAntidepressant useHeart failureHIV infectionHIV- participantsPrimary outcomeNinth RevisionHF eventsMedical recordsDepressive disorderQuality of HIV Care and Mortality Rates in HIV-Infected Patients
Korthuis PT, McGinnis KA, Kraemer KL, Gordon AJ, Skanderson M, Justice AC, Crystal S, Goetz MB, Gibert CL, Rimland D, Fiellin LE, Gaither JR, Wang K, Asch SM, McInnes DK, Ohl ME, Bryant K, Tate JP, Duggal M, Fiellin DA. Quality of HIV Care and Mortality Rates in HIV-Infected Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2015, 62: 233-239. PMID: 26338783, PMCID: PMC4690479, DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ762.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMortality rateIllicit drug useDrug useSurvival analysisDisease severityNational Death Index recordsVeterans Aging Cohort StudyKaplan-Meier survival analysisCox proportional hazards modelAge-adjusted mortality ratesPast-year illicit drug useAging Cohort StudyOverall mortality rateHuman immunodeficiency virusVeterans Health AdministrationUnhealthy alcohol useProportional hazards modelLower age-adjusted mortality ratesHigh-quality careLongitudinal survival analysisHIV qualityUnhealthy alcoholHIV careCohort studyImproved survivalAlcohol-Related Diagnoses and All-Cause Hospitalization Among HIV-Infected and Uninfected Patients: A Longitudinal Analysis of United States Veterans from 1997 to 2011
Rentsch C, Tate JP, Akgün KM, Crystal S, Wang KH, Ryan Greysen S, Wang EA, Bryant KJ, Fiellin DA, Justice AC, Rimland D. Alcohol-Related Diagnoses and All-Cause Hospitalization Among HIV-Infected and Uninfected Patients: A Longitudinal Analysis of United States Veterans from 1997 to 2011. AIDS And Behavior 2015, 20: 555-564. PMID: 25711299, PMCID: PMC4550577, DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1025-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAlcohol-related diagnosesHospitalization ratesUnited States veteransUninfected patientsCause hospitalizationHIV infectionStates veteransUninfected individualsMultivariable Cox proportional hazards modelsCox proportional hazards modelOverall hospitalization rateProportional hazards modelCancer admissionsAntiretroviral therapyMultivariable adjustmentHIV serostatusComorbidity variablesHospitalization trendsRelative riskHigh riskHazards modelHIVHospitalizationDisease categoriesPatientsSex Differences in Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality among HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy in Europe, Canada and the US
Jarrin I, Moreno S, Ingle S, May M, Sterling T, Justice A, Bickel M, Crane H, Mugavero M, De Wolf F, Jung N, Cescon A, Garcia I, Elzi L, Arminio A, Krause M, Smith C, Guest J, Hessamfar M, Gill J, Sterne J, del Amo J. Sex Differences in Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality among HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy in Europe, Canada and the US. Antiviral Therapy 2015, 20: 21-28. PMID: 24675571, DOI: 10.3851/imp2768.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-AIDS mortalityInjection drug useAll-causeAntiretroviral therapyAIDS-mortality rateNon-AIDS-related mortalityCause-specific mortalityCD4(+) T-cell countsNon-AIDS infectionsRates of all-causeNon-AIDS malignanciesART Cohort CollaborationT-cell countsHIV-infected adultsHIV-positive patientsHIV-1 RNAAll-cause mortalityCox proportional hazards modelsCohort of individualsHIV-positive menProportional hazards modelART-CCSex differencesCART initiationCause-specific
2014
Comparison of Risk and Age at Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction, End-Stage Renal Disease, and Non-AIDS-Defining Cancer in HIV-Infected Versus Uninfected Adults
Althoff KN, McGinnis KA, Wyatt CM, Freiberg MS, Gilbert C, Oursler KK, Rimland D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Dubrow R, Park LS, Skanderson M, Shiels MS, Gange SJ, Gebo KA, Justice AC. Comparison of Risk and Age at Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction, End-Stage Renal Disease, and Non-AIDS-Defining Cancer in HIV-Infected Versus Uninfected Adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014, 60: 627-638. PMID: 25362204, PMCID: PMC4318916, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu869.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEnd-stage renal diseaseMyocardial infarctionUninfected adultsAge-associated eventsRenal diseaseHIV statusIncident diagnosisMean ageVeterans Aging Cohort StudyGreater riskCox proportional hazards modelAging Cohort StudyHuman immunodeficiency virusProportional hazards modelNon-AIDSUninfected veteransCohort studyMultivariate linear regression modelMedian ageComparison of risksImmunodeficiency virusAge-associated diseasesImportant confoundersHigh riskHazards modelHIV Infection and Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Womack JA, Chang C, So‐Armah K, Alcorn C, Baker JV, Brown ST, Budoff M, Butt AA, Gibert C, Goetz MB, Gottdiener J, Gottlieb S, Justice AC, Leaf D, McGinnis K, Rimland D, Rodriguez‐Barradas M, Sico J, Skanderson M, Tindle H, Tracy RP, Warner A, Freiberg MS. HIV Infection and Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2014, 3: e001035. PMID: 25324353, PMCID: PMC4323817, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001035.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAge DistributionAgedCardiovascular DiseasesCase-Control StudiesComorbidityConfidence IntervalsFemaleHIV InfectionsHumansLongitudinal StudiesMiddle AgedPrevalenceProportional Hazards ModelsProspective StudiesRisk AssessmentSeverity of Illness IndexSurvival AnalysisUnited StatesUser-Computer InterfaceVeteransConceptsRisk of CVDCVD eventsCardiovascular diseaseHIV infectionVeterans Aging Cohort StudyCox proportional hazards modelHIV uninfected womenIncident CVD eventsIncident cardiovascular diseaseIndependent risk factorAging Cohort StudyClinical Modification codesFirst clinical encounterDeath certificate dataProportional hazards modelSubstance use/abuseUse/abuseRace/ethnicityUninfected womenHepatitis CHIV- womenLast followCohort studyIschemic strokeUnstable anginaThe VACS Index Accurately Predicts Mortality and Treatment Response among Multi-Drug Resistant HIV Infected Patients Participating in the Options in Management with Antiretrovirals (OPTIMA) Study
Brown ST, Tate JP, Kyriakides TC, Kirkwood KA, Holodniy M, Goulet JL, Angus BJ, Cameron DW, Justice AC, . The VACS Index Accurately Predicts Mortality and Treatment Response among Multi-Drug Resistant HIV Infected Patients Participating in the Options in Management with Antiretrovirals (OPTIMA) Study. PLOS ONE 2014, 9: e92606. PMID: 24667813, PMCID: PMC3965438, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092606.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVACS IndexCombination antiretroviral therapyNet reclassification improvementHIV biomarkersCause mortalityC-statisticTreatment interventionsMulti-drug resistant HIVHarrel's c-statisticsRespective hazard ratiosKaplan-Meier estimatesProportional hazards modelImproved scoresAntiretroviral studiesAntiretroviral therapyHazard ratioResistant HIVReclassification improvementRestricted IndexTreatment responseStudy interventionRisk scoreHazards modelVAC indexMortality
2011
Risk Factors for Tuberculosis After Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in the United States and Canada: Implications for Tuberculosis Screening
Sterling TR, Lau B, Zhang J, Freeman A, Bosch RJ, Brooks JT, Deeks SG, French A, Gange S, Gebo KA, Gill M, Horberg MA, Jacobson LP, Kirk GD, Kitahata MM, Klein MB, Martin JN, Rodriguez B, Silverberg MJ, Willig JH, Eron JJ, Goedert JJ, Hogg RS, Justice AC, McKaig RG, Napravnik S, Thorne J, Moore RD. Risk Factors for Tuberculosis After Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in the United States and Canada: Implications for Tuberculosis Screening. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2011, 204: 893-901. PMID: 21849286, PMCID: PMC3156918, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir421.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsActive antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiationAntiretroviral therapy initiationInjection drug useHIV-1 RNAHuman immunodeficiency virusHAART initiationTuberculosis riskBaseline CD4Therapy initiationMale sexNonwhite raceHispanic ethnicityDrug useBaseline HIV-1 RNAMonths of HAARTLow-incidence settingsProportional hazards modelActive tuberculosisLymphocyte countParametric survival modelsTuberculosis screeningImmunodeficiency virusBlack raceLymphocytes/Risk factors