2021
Association between HIV and incident pulmonary hypertension in US Veterans: a retrospective cohort study
Duncan MS, Alcorn CW, Freiberg MS, So-Armah K, Patterson OV, DuVall SL, Crothers KA, Re VL, Butt AA, Lim JK, Kim JW, Tindle HA, Justice AC, Brittain EL. Association between HIV and incident pulmonary hypertension in US Veterans: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2021, 2: e417-e425. PMID: 34296203, PMCID: PMC8294078, DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00116-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIncident pulmonary hypertensionHIV viral loadPulmonary artery systolic pressureVeterans Aging Cohort StudyPulmonary hypertension riskPulmonary hypertensionRetrospective cohort studyCohort studyViral loadIncidence rateHypertension incidenceCD4 countHazard ratioHIV statusSystolic pressureHypertension riskHigh riskLow CD4 cell countsHepatitis C virus infectionHigher HIV viral loadChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCox proportional hazards regressionC virus infectionCD4 cell countPrevalent heart failure
2020
Frequency and Duration of Incarceration and Mortality Among US Veterans With and Without HIV.
Hawks LC, McGinnis KA, Howell BA, Khan MR, Edelman EJ, Justice AC, Wang EA. Frequency and Duration of Incarceration and Mortality Among US Veterans With and Without HIV. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2020, 84: 220-227. PMID: 32049771, PMCID: PMC7228828, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002325.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk of mortalityAdjusted hazard ratioCohort studyHIV statusVeterans Aging Cohort StudyCox proportional hazards modelTransitional health careProspective cohort studyAging Cohort StudyConfidence intervalsProportional hazards modelDose-response fashionFrequency of incarcerationDuration of incarcerationIncarceration exposureHIV careHazard ratioPrimary exposureUS veteransLeading causeHigh riskIncrease riskHazards modelCumulative durationPWH
2019
Opioid use trajectory groups and changes in a physical health biomarker among HIV-positive and uninfected patients receiving opioid agonist treatment
McGinnis KA, Fiellin DA, Skanderson M, Hser YI, Lucas GM, Justice AC, Tate JP, Group F. Opioid use trajectory groups and changes in a physical health biomarker among HIV-positive and uninfected patients receiving opioid agonist treatment. Drug And Alcohol Dependence 2019, 204: 107511. PMID: 31546119, PMCID: PMC6993986, DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.014.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOpioid agonist treatmentHIV-1 RNADetectable HIV-1 RNAUninfected patientsAgonist treatmentVeterans Aging Cohort StudyResponsiveness of CD4Substance use disorder treatmentHealth effectsUrine toxicology resultsUrine toxicology testsAging Cohort StudyElectronic health record dataUse disorder treatmentHealth record dataPhysical health effectsRace/ethnicityOAT initiationCohort studyOpioid useBiomarker changesToxicology resultsNegative groupUninfected individualsDisorder treatment
2018
Herpes Zoster and Herpes Zoster Vaccine Rates Among Adults Living With and Without HIV in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study
Hawkins KL, Gordon KS, Levin MJ, Weinberg A, Battaglia C, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Brown ST, Rimland D, Justice A, Tate J, Erlandson KM. Herpes Zoster and Herpes Zoster Vaccine Rates Among Adults Living With and Without HIV in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2018, 79: 527-533. PMID: 30179984, PMCID: PMC6203599, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001846.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVeterans Aging Cohort StudyHerpes zoster ratesHerpes zosterAging Cohort StudyUninfected adultsUninfected veteransVaccine receiptZoster vaccineCohort studyHIV serostatusStudy periodCART-treated individualsCombination antiretroviral therapyHIV-1 RNAHigh rateLow CD4Vaccine guidelinesZoster vaccinationAntiretroviral therapyVaccine ratesStudy endPharmacy dataEffective vaccinePLWHZosterAssociation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease
Beckman JA, Duncan MS, Alcorn CW, So-Armah K, Butt AA, Goetz M, Tindle HA, Sico J, Tracy RP, Justice AC, Freiberg MS. Association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease. Circulation 2018, 138: 255-265. PMID: 29535090, PMCID: PMC6050082, DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032647.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk of PADIncident PAD eventsPeripheral artery diseaseHuman immunodeficiency virusCD4 cell countTraditional atherosclerotic risk factorsPAD risk factorsAtherosclerotic risk factorsPAD eventsRisk factorsCell countUninfected veteransCD4 cellsArtery diseaseHIV infectionHIV statusViral loadCells/Peripheral artery disease eventsPrior peripheral artery diseaseHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionVeterans Aging Cohort StudyHIV-1 ribonucleic acidHIV infection statusHIV viral load
2017
Risk of End‐Stage Renal Disease in HIV‐Positive Potential Live Kidney Donors
Muzaale AD, Althoff KN, Sperati CJ, Abraham AG, Kucirka LM, Massie AB, Kitahata MM, Horberg MA, Justice AC, Fischer MJ, Silverberg MJ, Butt AA, Boswell SL, Rachlis AR, Mayor AM, Gill MJ, Eron JJ, Napravnik S, Drozd DR, Martin JN, Bosch RJ, Durand CM, Locke JE, Moore RD, Lucas GM, Segev DL. Risk of End‐Stage Renal Disease in HIV‐Positive Potential Live Kidney Donors. American Journal Of Transplantation 2017, 17: 1823-1832. PMID: 28497525, PMCID: PMC5489376, DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14235.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultCase-Control StudiesFemaleFollow-Up StudiesGlomerular Filtration RateGraft RejectionGraft SurvivalHIV InfectionsHIV SeropositivityHIV-1HumansIncidenceKidney Failure, ChronicKidney Function TestsKidney TransplantationLiving DonorsMaleMiddle AgedNephrectomyNorth AmericaPrognosisRisk FactorsViral LoadConceptsEnd-stage renal diseaseIncidence of ESRDHIV-positive individualsLive kidney donorsKidney donorsRenal diseaseMultivariable Cox proportional hazards regressionCox proportional hazards regressionPotential live kidney donorsHIV-negative peersHIV-negative participantsHIV-positive participantsProportional hazards regressionCopies/mLKidney donor candidatesCumulative incidence estimatesCohort CollaborationCumulative incidenceHIV infectionViral loadHazards regressionNational HealthPositive individualsIncidence estimatesHealth characteristicsSurvival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies
Collaboration T, Trickey A, May M, Vehreschild J, Obel N, Gill M, Crane H, Boesecke C, Patterson S, Grabar S, Cazanave C, Cavassini M, Shepherd L, Monforte A, van Sighem A, Saag M, Lampe F, Hernando V, Montero M, Zangerle R, Justice A, Sterling T, Ingle S, Sterne J. Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies. The Lancet HIV 2017, 4: e349-e356. PMID: 28501495, PMCID: PMC5555438, DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(17)30066-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInitiation of ARTAntiretroviral therapyART initiationCause mortalityHazard ratioLife expectancyCalendar periodCause-specific mortality hazard ratiosYears of ARTFirst yearHIV-1 cohortToxic antiretroviral drugsCombination antiretroviral therapyHIV-positive patientsCD4 cell countManagement of comorbiditiesMortality hazard ratioUK Medical Research CouncilHealth care plannersMedical Research CouncilEDCTP2 programmeCohort studyViral loadAntiretroviral drugsYear survivalComparison of dynamic monitoring strategies based on CD4 cell counts in virally suppressed, HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a prospective, observational study
Caniglia EC, Cain LE, Sabin CA, Robins JM, Logan R, Abgrall S, Mugavero MJ, Hernández-Díaz S, Meyer L, Seng R, Drozd DR, Seage GR, Bonnet F, Dabis F, Moore RD, Reiss P, van Sighem A, Mathews WC, del Amo J, Moreno S, Deeks SG, Muga R, Boswell SL, Ferrer E, Eron JJ, Napravnik S, Jose S, Phillips A, Justice AC, Tate JP, Gill J, Pacheco A, Veloso VG, Bucher HC, Egger M, Furrer H, Porter K, Touloumi G, Crane H, Miro JM, Sterne JA, Costagliola D, Saag M, Hernán MA, Collaboration H, Systems C. Comparison of dynamic monitoring strategies based on CD4 cell counts in virally suppressed, HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a prospective, observational study. The Lancet HIV 2017, 4: e251-e259. PMID: 28411091, PMCID: PMC5492888, DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(17)30043-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCD4 cell countHIV-positive individualsVirological failureHazard ratioCell countViral loadRisk ratioObservational studyTime-varying CD4 cell countHIV RNA viral loadAntiretroviral therapy regimenCombination antiretroviral therapyRNA viral loadAIDS Research NetworkMortality hazard ratioIntegrated Clinical SystemsHIV-CAUSAL CollaborationLong-term safetyCell count differencesAntiretroviral therapyCD4 countTherapy regimenProspective studyImmunological outcomesClinical guidelines
2016
Minority Men Who Have Sex with Men Demonstrate Increased Risk for HIV Transmission
Gordon KS, Edelman EJ, Justice AC, Fiellin DA, Akgün K, Crystal S, Duggal M, Goulet JL, Rimland D, Bryant KJ. Minority Men Who Have Sex with Men Demonstrate Increased Risk for HIV Transmission. AIDS And Behavior 2016, 21: 1497-1510. PMID: 27771818, PMCID: PMC5380471, DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1590-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDetectable HIV-1 RNAHIV-1 RNAHIV transmissionOdds ratioMSM groupVeterans Aging Cohort StudyMinority MSMAging Cohort StudyMultiple sexual partnersMultiple sex partnersNon-condom useCohort studyInfluence of drugsComparator groupRisk factorsHispanic MSMWhite MSMLow prevalenceHigh incidenceSex partnersSexual partnersMSMSexMinority menGroupEfavirenz versus boosted atazanavir-containing regimens and immunologic, virologic, and clinical outcomes
Cain LE, Caniglia EC, Phillips A, Olson A, Muga R, Pérez-Hoyos S, Abgrall S, Costagliola D, Rubio R, Jarrín I, Bucher H, Fehr J, van Sighem A, Reiss P, Dabis F, Vandenhende MA, Logan R, Robins J, Sterne JAC, Justice A, Tate J, Touloumi G, Paparizos V, Esteve A, Casabona J, Seng R, Meyer L, Jose S, Sabin C, Hernán MA. Efavirenz versus boosted atazanavir-containing regimens and immunologic, virologic, and clinical outcomes. Medicine 2016, 95: e5133. PMID: 27741139, PMCID: PMC5072966, DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005133.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCD4 cell countEfavirenz regimenVirologic failureVirologic outcomesSurvival differencesNucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backboneCell countReverse transcriptase inhibitor backboneAtazanavir-containing regimensAIDS-free survivalHuman immunodeficiency virusImmune deficiency syndromeHIV-CAUSAL CollaborationAtazanavir regimenHazard ratioClinical outcomesImmunodeficiency virusProspective studyDeficiency syndromeMean changeRegimensEfavirenzTime-varying covariatesInhibitor backboneRegimenBaseline, Time-Updated, and Cumulative HIV Care Metrics for Predicting Acute Myocardial Infarction and All-Cause Mortality
Salinas JL, Rentsch C, Marconi VC, Tate J, Budoff M, Butt AA, Freiberg MS, Gibert CL, Goetz MB, Leaf D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Justice AC, Rimland D. Baseline, Time-Updated, and Cumulative HIV Care Metrics for Predicting Acute Myocardial Infarction and All-Cause Mortality. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016, 63: 1423-1430. PMID: 27539575, PMCID: PMC5106607, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw564.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionIncident acute myocardial infarctionVeterans Aging Cohort StudyCombination antiretroviral therapyCardiovascular risk factorsHIV-1 RNAVACS IndexHazard ratioMyocardial infarctionRisk factorsMultivariable proportional hazards modelsVACS Index scoreLast clinic visitAging Cohort StudyHuman immunodeficiency virusProportional hazards modelCART initiationAntiretroviral therapyCause mortalityCD4 countClinic visitsCohort studyOrgan injuryPrimary outcomeImmunodeficiency virusCause-Specific Mortality in HIV-Positive Patients Who Survived Ten Years after Starting Antiretroviral Therapy
Trickey A, May MT, Vehreschild J, Obel N, Gill MJ, Crane H, Boesecke C, Samji H, Grabar S, Cazanave C, Cavassini M, Shepherd L, Monforte A, Smit C, Saag M, Lampe F, Hernando V, Montero M, Zangerle R, Justice AC, Sterling T, Miro J, Ingle S, Sterne JA, Collaboration A. Cause-Specific Mortality in HIV-Positive Patients Who Survived Ten Years after Starting Antiretroviral Therapy. PLOS ONE 2016, 11: e0160460. PMID: 27525413, PMCID: PMC4985160, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160460.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCombination antiretroviral therapyLow CD4 countHIV-positive patientsAntiretroviral therapyCD4 countDrug useAntiretroviral Therapy Cohort CollaborationFive-year mortality riskAIDS infectionOlder ageCause-specific mortality rate ratiosNon-AIDS cancerLiver-related mortalityHIV Cohort StudyInjection drug useHIV-1 RNAMortality rate ratiosLiver-related diseasesHigh subsequent mortalityCohort CollaborationLow CD4Prior AIDSCardiovascular mortalityCohort studyPrognostic factorsDo Biomarkers of Inflammation, Monocyte Activation, and Altered Coagulation Explain Excess Mortality Between HIV Infected and Uninfected People?
So-Armah KA, Tate JP, Chang CH, Butt AA, Gerschenson M, Gibert CL, Leaf D, Rimland D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Budoff MJ, Samet JH, Kuller LH, Deeks SG, Crothers K, Tracy RP, Crane HM, Sajadi MM, Tindle HA, Justice AC, Freiberg MS. Do Biomarkers of Inflammation, Monocyte Activation, and Altered Coagulation Explain Excess Mortality Between HIV Infected and Uninfected People? JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2016, 72: 206-213. PMID: 27824677, PMCID: PMC4867134, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000954.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBiomarkers of inflammationD-dimerIL-6Uninfected peopleMortality riskHIV infectionMonocyte activationVeterans Aging Cohort Study Biomarker CohortCox proportional hazards regressionElevated IL-6Excess mortality riskProportional hazards regressionUnsuppressed viremiaComorbid diseasesBiomarker cohortHighest quartileHIV statusHazards regressionExcess riskBlood drawExcess mortalityImmunologic processesSCD14Mortality rateLogistic regression
2015
Using observational data to emulate a randomized trial of dynamic treatment-switching strategies: an application to antiretroviral therapy
Cain LE, Saag MS, Petersen M, May MT, Ingle SM, Logan R, Robins JM, Abgrall S, Shepherd BE, Deeks SG, Gill M, Touloumi G, Vourli G, Dabis F, Vandenhende MA, Reiss P, van Sighem A, Samji H, Hogg RS, Rybniker J, Sabin CA, Jose S, del Amo J, Moreno S, Rodríguez B, Cozzi-Lepri A, Boswell SL, Stephan C, Pérez-Hoyos S, Jarrin I, Guest JL, Monforte A, Antinori A, Moore R, Campbell CN, Casabona J, Meyer L, Seng R, Phillips AN, Bucher HC, Egger M, Mugavero MJ, Haubrich R, Geng EH, Olson A, Eron JJ, Napravnik S, Kitahata MM, Van Rompaey SE, Teira R, Justice AC, Tate JP, Costagliola D, Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Systems A. Using observational data to emulate a randomized trial of dynamic treatment-switching strategies: an application to antiretroviral therapy. International Journal Of Epidemiology 2015, 45: 2038-2049. PMID: 26721599, PMCID: PMC5841611, DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv295.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntiretroviral therapyCopies/Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort CollaborationTime-varying covariatesTight control groupAdjusted hazard ratioAntiretroviral therapy regimenAIDS Research NetworkIntegrated Clinical SystemsHIV-CAUSAL CollaborationDeath eventsCohort CollaborationHazard ratioTherapy regimenRandomized trialsInverse probability weightingInclusion criteriaMortality analysisClinical treatmentAIDSTherapyDeath analysisDeathTrialsComparative effectsRising Obesity Prevalence and Weight Gain Among Adults Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in the United States and Canada
Koethe JR, Jenkins CA, Lau B, Shepherd BE, Justice AC, Tate JP, Buchacz K, Napravnik S, Mayor AM, Horberg MA, Blashill AJ, Willig A, Wester CW, Silverberg MJ, Gill J, Thorne JE, Klein M, Eron JJ, Kitahata MM, Sterling TR, Moore RD. Rising Obesity Prevalence and Weight Gain Among Adults Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in the United States and Canada. AIDS Research And Human Retroviruses 2015, 32: 50-58. PMID: 26352511, PMCID: PMC4692122, DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0147.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsYears of ARTBody mass indexAntiretroviral therapyART initiationMedian body mass indexNormal body mass indexHigher body mass indexWeight gainWhite womenUnited States National HealthART-exposed HIVHIV-1 RNAProportion of overweightMultivariable linear regressionCohort CollaborationNA-ACCORDNon-white womenCohort studyMedian ageObese adultsMass indexObesity prevalenceNational HealthHigh prevalenceHealth complicationsComparative effectiveness of immediate antiretroviral therapy versus CD4-based initiation in HIV-positive individuals in high-income countries: observational cohort study
Lodi S, Phillips A, Logan R, Olson A, Costagliola D, Abgrall S, van Sighem A, Reiss P, Miró JM, Ferrer E, Justice A, Gandhi N, Bucher HC, Furrer H, Moreno S, Monge S, Touloumi G, Pantazis N, Sterne J, Young JG, Meyer L, Seng R, Dabis F, Vandehende MA, Pérez-Hoyos S, Jarrín I, Jose S, Sabin C, Hernán MA, Collaboration H. Comparative effectiveness of immediate antiretroviral therapy versus CD4-based initiation in HIV-positive individuals in high-income countries: observational cohort study. The Lancet HIV 2015, 2: e335-e343. PMID: 26423376, PMCID: PMC4643831, DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(15)00108-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNeed of ARTHIV RNA viral loadCD4 countAntiretroviral therapyHIV-positive individualsMean survival timeImmediate initiationHIV diagnosisCohort studyViral loadRelative riskHigh-income countriesProportion of individualsSurvival timeInitiation of ARTART initiation strategiesImmediate antiretroviral therapyLow CD4 countMedian CD4 countObservational cohort studyAIDS-free survivalHIV-1 infectionDiagnosis of HIVViral load measurementsHIV-CAUSAL CollaborationWeight Change After Antiretroviral Therapy and Mortality
Yuh B, Tate J, Butt AA, Crothers K, Freiberg M, Leaf D, Logeais M, Rimland D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Ruser C, Justice AC. Weight Change After Antiretroviral Therapy and Mortality. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2015, 60: 1852-1859. PMID: 25761868, PMCID: PMC4542664, DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ192.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBaseline body mass indexVeterans Aging Cohort StudyNormal weight patientsART initiationWeight gainWeight changeHuman immunodeficiency virus-infected patientsLower mortalityDisease severityAntiretroviral therapy initiationMultivariable Cox modelVirus-infected patientsAging Cohort StudyMedian weight changeBody mass indexYears of ARTGreater disease severityVACS IndexAntiretroviral therapyTherapy initiationBaseline weightCohort studyObese patientsSurvival benefitHemoglobin levelsSex Differences in Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality among HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy in Europe, Canada and the US
Jarrin I, Moreno S, Ingle S, May M, Sterling T, Justice A, Bickel M, Crane H, Mugavero M, De Wolf F, Jung N, Cescon A, Garcia I, Elzi L, Arminio A, Krause M, Smith C, Guest J, Hessamfar M, Gill J, Sterne J, del Amo J. Sex Differences in Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality among HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy in Europe, Canada and the US. Antiviral Therapy 2015, 20: 21-28. PMID: 24675571, DOI: 10.3851/imp2768.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-AIDS mortalityInjection drug useAll-causeAntiretroviral therapyAIDS-mortality rateNon-AIDS-related mortalityCause-specific mortalityCD4(+) T-cell countsNon-AIDS infectionsRates of all-causeNon-AIDS malignanciesART Cohort CollaborationT-cell countsHIV-infected adultsHIV-positive patientsHIV-1 RNAAll-cause mortalityCox proportional hazards modelsCohort of individualsHIV-positive menProportional hazards modelART-CCSex differencesCART initiationCause-specific
2014
Mortality in Patients with HIV-1 Infection Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa, Europe, or North America: A Collaborative Analysis of Prospective Studies
Boulle A, Schomaker M, May MT, Hogg RS, Shepherd BE, Monge S, Keiser O, Lampe FC, Giddy J, Ndirangu J, Garone D, Fox M, Ingle SM, Reiss P, Dabis F, Costagliola D, Castagna A, Ehren K, Campbell C, Gill MJ, Saag M, Justice AC, Guest J, Crane HM, Egger M, Sterne JA. Mortality in Patients with HIV-1 Infection Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa, Europe, or North America: A Collaborative Analysis of Prospective Studies. PLOS Medicine 2014, 11: e1001718. PMID: 25203931, PMCID: PMC4159124, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001718.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntiretroviral therapyHigh early mortalityEarly mortalityMortality rateAdjusted mortality rate ratioCumulative mortalityDeath registry linkageHIV-1 infectionMortality rate ratiosNorth American cohortSouth African cohortAdvanced diseaseCD4 countRegistry linkageProspective studyVital statusHIV treatmentEuropean cohortPoor ascertainmentHIV-1African cohortAmerican cohortPatientsMortalityCohortAntiretroviral penetration into the CNS and incidence of AIDS-defining neurologic conditions
Caniglia EC, Cain LE, Justice A, Tate J, Logan R, Sabin C, Winston A, van Sighem A, Miro JM, Podzamczer D, Olson A, Arribas JR, Moreno S, Meyer L, del Romero J, Dabis F, Bucher HC, Wandeler G, Vourli G, Skoutelis A, Lanoy E, Gasnault J, Costagliola D, Hernán MA. Antiretroviral penetration into the CNS and incidence of AIDS-defining neurologic conditions. Neurology 2014, 83: 134-141. PMID: 24907236, PMCID: PMC4117168, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000564.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHigher CPE scoreLower CPE scoreAntiretroviral therapy regimenProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathyCPE scoreHIV dementiaHazard ratioCryptococcal meningitisMultifocal leukoencephalopathyTherapy regimenAntiretroviral therapy-naive individualsCNS penetration-effectiveness (CPE) scoreTherapy-naive individualsRespective hazard ratiosCases of toxoplasmosisHIV-CAUSAL CollaborationIncidence of AIDSAntiretroviral penetrationAntiretroviral regimenBaseline regimensInitial regimenNeurologic conditionsNeurologic disordersCNS penetrationRegimen