2023
A bedside to bench study of anti-PD-1, anti-CD40, and anti-CSF1R indicates that more is not necessarily better
Djureinovic D, Weiss S, Krykbaeva I, Qu R, Vathiotis I, Moutafi M, Zhang L, Perdigoto A, Wei W, Anderson G, Damsky W, Hurwitz M, Johnson B, Schoenfeld D, Mahajan A, Hsu F, Miller-Jensen K, Kluger Y, Sznol M, Kaech S, Bosenberg M, Jilaveanu L, Kluger H. A bedside to bench study of anti-PD-1, anti-CD40, and anti-CSF1R indicates that more is not necessarily better. Molecular Cancer 2023, 22: 182. PMID: 37964379, PMCID: PMC10644655, DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01884-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsStable diseasePartial responseMacrophage populationsThree-drug regimenUnconfirmed partial responsePhase I trialLimited treatment optionsMonocyte/macrophage populationNon-classical monocytesMurine melanoma modelTreatment-related changesResultsThirteen patientsWorse survivalI trialInflammatory tumorPatient populationTreatment optionsImmune cellsDisease progressionMurine studiesPreclinical modelsResistant melanomaAntigen presentationMurine modelCyTOF analysisA Phase II Trial of the CD40 Agonist Sotigalimab (APX005M) in Combination with Nivolumab in Subjects with Metastatic Melanoma with Disease Progression on Anti-PD-1
Weiss S, Sznol M, Shaheen M, Berciano-Guerrero M, Muñoz-Couselo E, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Boni V, Schuchter L, Cao M, Fernandez A, Wei W, Ganti A, Hauke R, Berrocal A, Iannotti N, Hsu F, Kluger H. A Phase II Trial of the CD40 Agonist Sotigalimab (APX005M) in Combination with Nivolumab in Subjects with Metastatic Melanoma with Disease Progression on Anti-PD-1. Clinical Cancer Research 2023, 30: 74-81. PMID: 37535056, PMCID: PMC10767304, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0475.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntibodies, MonoclonalAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsDisease ProgressionHumansMelanomaNivolumabConceptsObjective response ratePhase II trialAdverse eventsPartial responseDisease progressionII trialGrade 3 adverse eventsAnti PD-1CD40 agonist antibodyElevated liver functionTreatment-related SAEsCommon adverse eventsActivation of CD40Subset of patientsFavorable safety profileAntigen presenting cellsStable diseaseMedian durationAdvanced melanomaAdditional patientsLiver functionSafety profileMetastatic melanomaPreclinical dataPresenting cells
2022
Association between immune-mediated adverse events and efficacy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with durvalumab and tremelimumab
Dey A, Austin M, Kluger H, Trunova N, Mann H, Shire N, Morgan C, Zhou D, Mugundu G. Association between immune-mediated adverse events and efficacy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with durvalumab and tremelimumab. Frontiers In Immunology 2022, 13: 1026964. PMID: 36405729, PMCID: PMC9670978, DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026964.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCell lung cancer patientsLung cancer patientsAdverse eventsBaseline characteristicsOverall survivalCancer patientsMultivariate Cox proportional hazards modelImmune-mediated adverse eventsCox proportional hazards modelIndividual patient-level dataImmune checkpoint inhibitorsImproved overall survivalEfficacy of immunotherapyPatient demographic featuresOptimal clinical benefitPatient-level dataProportional hazards modelCheckpoint inhibitorsCombination armLaboratory featuresSteroid treatmentClinical benefitPatient survivalPatient populationHigher odds
2021
A Phase I Study of APX005M and Cabiralizumab with or without Nivolumab in Patients with Melanoma, Kidney Cancer, or Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Resistant to Anti-PD-1/PD-L1
Weiss SA, Djureinovic D, Jessel S, Krykbaeva I, Zhang L, Jilaveanu L, Ralabate A, Johnson B, Levit NS, Anderson G, Zelterman D, Wei W, Mahajan A, Trifan O, Bosenberg M, Kaech SM, Perry CJ, Damsky W, Gettinger S, Sznol M, Hurwitz M, Kluger HM. A Phase I Study of APX005M and Cabiralizumab with or without Nivolumab in Patients with Melanoma, Kidney Cancer, or Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Resistant to Anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Clinical Cancer Research 2021, 27: 4757-4767. PMID: 34140403, PMCID: PMC9236708, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0903.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAnti-PD-1/PD-L1Non-small cell lung cancerCell lung cancerRenal cell carcinomaPD-L1Lung cancerDisease progressionCommon treatment-related adverse eventsPD-1/PD-L1 inhibitorsTreatment-related adverse eventsPhase 2 doseSubstantial clinical challengeUnconfirmed partial responseDose-limiting toxicityPD-L1 inhibitorsPhase I trialDose-escalation designPro-inflammatory cytokinesMultiple tumor typesAsymptomatic elevationStable diseaseIntolerable toxicityAdverse eventsMedian durationPartial response
2018
Inflammatory eruptions associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: A single-institution retrospective analysis with stratification of reactions by toxicity and implications for management
Coleman E, Ko C, Dai F, Tomayko MM, Kluger H, Leventhal JS. Inflammatory eruptions associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: A single-institution retrospective analysis with stratification of reactions by toxicity and implications for management. Journal Of The American Academy Of Dermatology 2018, 80: 990-997. PMID: 30399387, PMCID: PMC6420863, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.062.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsDrug EruptionsExanthemaFemaleHumansIpilimumabLichenoid EruptionsMaleMiddle AgedNivolumabRetrospective StudiesSkin NeoplasmsStevens-Johnson SyndromeWithholding TreatmentConceptsInflammatory eruptionsCheckpoint inhibitorsTherapeutic responseImmune checkpoint inhibitor therapySingle tertiary care centerSingle-institution retrospective analysisYale-New Haven HospitalCheckpoint inhibitor therapyTertiary care centerMinority of patientsInpatient dermatology serviceDegree of severityMost rashesInhibitor therapyRetrospective studyTopical treatmentEarly recognitionMedical recordsCare centerInflammatory reactionRetrospective analysisDermatology servicesImmunotherapyMean latencyGrade 2
2017
Sarcoidosis Following Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma
Reddy SB, Possick JD, Kluger HM, Galan A, Han D. Sarcoidosis Following Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma. Journal Of Immunotherapy 2017, 40: 307-311. PMID: 28737620, DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000181.Peer-Reviewed Case Reports and Technical NotesMeSH KeywordsAdrenal Cortex HormonesAntibodies, MonoclonalAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsAutoimmunityCTLA-4 AntigenDrug-Related Side Effects and Adverse ReactionsFemaleHumansImmunotherapyIpilimumabLungMelanomaMiddle AgedNivolumabProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorSarcoidosisSkinSkin NeoplasmsTreatment OutcomeConceptsAnti-PD-1 therapyImmune checkpoint inhibitorsStage IV melanomaCheckpoint inhibitorsOncologic responseSevere immune-related adverse effectsImmune checkpoint inhibitor therapyImmune-related adverse effectsAnti PD-1Severe pulmonary manifestationsCheckpoint inhibitor therapyPD-1 inhibitorsDevelopment of sarcoidosisAutoimmune tendencyCorticosteroid treatmentLast dosePulmonary manifestationsCutaneous sarcoidosisRare complicationInhibitor therapyRadiologic findingsPatient's symptomsMetastatic melanomaPotential complicationsSarcoidosisPD-L1 Studies Across Tumor Types, Its Differential Expression and Predictive Value in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Kluger HM, Zito CR, Turcu G, Baine M, Zhang H, Adeniran A, Sznol M, Rimm DL, Kluger Y, Chen L, Cohen JV, Jilaveanu LB. PD-L1 Studies Across Tumor Types, Its Differential Expression and Predictive Value in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Clinical Cancer Research 2017, 23: 4270-4279. PMID: 28223273, PMCID: PMC5540774, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3146.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-small cell lung cancerPD-L1 expressionRenal cell carcinomaPD-1 inhibitorsCell carcinomaImmune-infiltrating cellsMelanoma patientsPD-L1Tumor cellsTumor typesTumor-associated inflammatory cellsCTLA-4 inhibitorsCell lung cancerRenal cell carcinoma cellsHigh response rateClin Cancer ResCell linesMelanoma tumor cellsPD-1Multivariable analysisNSCLC specimensInflammatory cellsLung cancerTissue microarrayResponse rateNuclear IRF-1 expression as a mechanism to assess “Capability” to express PD-L1 and response to PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma
Smithy JW, Moore LM, Pelekanou V, Rehman J, Gaule P, Wong PF, Neumeister VM, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Rimm DL. Nuclear IRF-1 expression as a mechanism to assess “Capability” to express PD-L1 and response to PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2017, 5: 25. PMID: 28331615, PMCID: PMC5359951, DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0229-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, PharmacologicalDisease-Free SurvivalFemaleGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticHumansImmunotherapyInterferon Regulatory Factor-1IpilimumabMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedNeoplasm MetastasisNeoplasms, Second PrimaryNivolumabProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorConceptsProgression-free survivalObjective radiographic responsePD-L1 expressionPD-L1IRF-1 expressionMetastatic melanomaAnti-PD-1 therapyCombination ipilimumab/nivolumabHigh PD-L1 expressionAnti-PD-1 immunotherapyYale-New Haven HospitalIpilimumab/nivolumabPD-1 therapyPR/CRPre-treatment formalinRECIST v1.1 criteriaDeath ligand 1Valuable predictive biomarkerMajor unmet needNew Haven HospitalInterferon regulatory factor 1Combination ipilimumabProgressive diseaseRadiographic responseComplete response
2016
Immunomodulatory Activity of Nivolumab in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Choueiri TK, Fishman MN, Escudier B, McDermott DF, Drake CG, Kluger H, Stadler WM, Perez-Gracia JL, McNeel DG, Curti B, Harrison MR, Plimack ER, Appleman L, Fong L, Albiges L, Cohen L, Young TC, Chasalow SD, Ross-Macdonald P, Srivastava S, Jure-Kunkel M, Kurland JF, Simon JS, Sznol M. Immunomodulatory Activity of Nivolumab in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research 2016, 22: 5461-5471. PMID: 27169994, PMCID: PMC5106340, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2839.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMetastatic renal cell carcinomaTreatment-naïve patientsPD-L1 expressionTumor-associated lymphocytesTreatment biopsiesOverall survivalAnti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitorImmune checkpoint inhibitorsMedian overall survivalNew safety signalsPD-1 inhibitionPhase 3 trialMedian percent changeRenal cell carcinomaUpregulation of IFNγTumor gene expressionNivolumab dosesSerum chemokinesCheckpoint inhibitorsChemokine levelsBaseline biopsiesCell carcinomaImmunomodulatory effectsPeripheral bloodClinical activity
2015
Survival, Durable Response, and Long-Term Safety in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Nivolumab
McDermott DF, Drake CG, Sznol M, Choueiri TK, Powderly JD, Smith DC, Brahmer JR, Carvajal RD, Hammers HJ, Puzanov I, Hodi FS, Kluger HM, Topalian SL, Pardoll DM, Wigginton JM, Kollia GD, Gupta A, McDonald D, Sankar V, Sosman JA, Atkins MB. Survival, Durable Response, and Long-Term Safety in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Nivolumab. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2015, 33: 2013-2020. PMID: 25800770, PMCID: PMC4517051, DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.58.1041.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAntibodies, MonoclonalAntineoplastic AgentsCarcinoma, Renal CellCohort StudiesDisease-Free SurvivalDose-Response Relationship, DrugFemaleHumansKidney NeoplasmsMaleMaximum Tolerated DoseMiddle AgedNivolumabPatient SafetyProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeConceptsAdvanced renal cell carcinomaRenal cell carcinomaLong-term safetyOverall survivalDurable responsesTreatment-refractory solid tumorsTreatment-related adverse eventsOngoing randomized clinical trialsImpact of nivolumabMedian overall survivalMedian response durationPortion of patientsDuration of responseRandomized clinical trialsDrug discontinuationIntravenous nivolumabStable diseaseExpansion cohortTreatment discontinuationAdverse eventsObjective responseAdditional patientsAntibody nivolumabCell surface moleculesCell carcinomaPrecipitation of Autoimmune Diabetes With Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy
Hughes J, Vudattu N, Sznol M, Gettinger S, Kluger H, Lupsa B, Herold KC. Precipitation of Autoimmune Diabetes With Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Diabetes Care 2015, 38: e55-e57. PMID: 25805871, PMCID: PMC4370325, DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2349.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsCombination Therapy with Anti–CTLA-4 and Anti–PD-1 Leads to Distinct Immunologic Changes In Vivo
Das R, Verma R, Sznol M, Boddupalli CS, Gettinger SN, Kluger H, Callahan M, Wolchok JD, Halaban R, Dhodapkar MV, Dhodapkar KM. Combination Therapy with Anti–CTLA-4 and Anti–PD-1 Leads to Distinct Immunologic Changes In Vivo. The Journal Of Immunology 2015, 194: 950-959. PMID: 25539810, PMCID: PMC4380504, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401686.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntibodies, MonoclonalAntigens, SurfaceAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsCTLA-4 AntigenCytokinesGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticHumansImmunophenotypingIpilimumabLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingNeoplasmsNivolumabProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorSignal TransductionT-Lymphocyte SubsetsConceptsPD-1T cellsCTLA-4Checkpoint blockadeCombination therapyReceptor occupancyCombination immune checkpoint blockadeCTLA-4 immune checkpointsPD-1 receptor occupancyTransitional memory T cellsAnti-PD-1 therapyAnti CTLA-4Immune-based combinationsPD-1 blockadeSoluble IL-2RImmune checkpoint blockadeNK cell functionMemory T cellsTherapy-induced changesT cell activationTumor T cellsHuman T cellsRemarkable antitumor effectImmunologic changesImmunologic effects
2014
Phase I/II Study of the Antibody-Drug Conjugate Glembatumumab Vedotin in Patients With Advanced Melanoma
Ott PA, Hamid O, Pavlick AC, Kluger H, Kim KB, Boasberg PD, Simantov R, Crowley E, Green JA, Hawthorne T, Davis TA, Sznol M, Hwu P. Phase I/II Study of the Antibody-Drug Conjugate Glembatumumab Vedotin in Patients With Advanced Melanoma. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2014, 32: 3659-3666. PMID: 25267741, PMCID: PMC4879709, DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.54.8115.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMaximum-tolerated doseObjective response rateGreater objective response rateGlembatumumab vedotinAdvanced melanomaGrade 3/4 treatment-related toxicitiesHuman immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibodyPhase I/II studyPhase II expansion cohortPromising objective response ratesEnd pointTreatment-related deathsPrimary end pointSecondary end pointsTreatment-related toxicityProgression-free survivalPhase II expansionMonomethyl auristatin E.Stable diseaseExpansion cohortII studyPartial responseDose escalationMore patientsFrequent dosingSurvival, Durable Tumor Remission, and Long-Term Safety in Patients With Advanced Melanoma Receiving Nivolumab
Topalian SL, Sznol M, McDermott DF, Kluger HM, Carvajal RD, Sharfman WH, Brahmer JR, Lawrence DP, Atkins MB, Powderly JD, Leming PD, Lipson EJ, Puzanov I, Smith DC, Taube JM, Wigginton JM, Kollia GD, Gupta A, Pardoll DM, Sosman JA, Hodi FS. Survival, Durable Tumor Remission, and Long-Term Safety in Patients With Advanced Melanoma Receiving Nivolumab. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2014, 32: 1020-1030. PMID: 24590637, PMCID: PMC4811023, DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.53.0105.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAntibodies, MonoclonalAntineoplastic AgentsDisease-Free SurvivalFemaleHumansKaplan-Meier EstimateMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedNivolumabSkin NeoplasmsSurvival RateConceptsLong-term safetyOverall survivalToxicity ratesTumor regressionResponse durationOngoing randomized clinical trialsDurable tumor remissionNivolumab-treated patientsMedian overall survivalMedian response durationPD-1 blockadeObjective tumor regressionMaintenance of responseCell death 1Randomized clinical trialsSimilar patient populationsActivated T cellsDrug discontinuationIntravenous nivolumabNivolumab therapyNivolumab treatmentTreatment discontinuationObjective responseAdvanced melanomaDeath-1
2013
Ipilimumab-induced Perforating Colitis
Mitchell KA, Kluger H, Sznol M, Hartman DJ. Ipilimumab-induced Perforating Colitis. Journal Of Clinical Gastroenterology 2013, 47: 781-785. PMID: 23632354, PMCID: PMC6091636, DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e31828f1d51.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAntibodies, MonoclonalColectomyColitisDiarrheaFemaleHumansIpilimumabMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedSeverity of Illness IndexSkin NeoplasmsConceptsIpilimumab-induced colitisSteroid therapyHistologic findingsT-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4Common side effectsAssociated histologic findingsBowel perforationSubtotal colectomyMucosal biopsiesSegmental resectionStandard treatmentAntigen-4Metastatic melanomaColitisSide effectsMonoclonal antibodiesTherapyIpilimumabColectomyDiarrheaPatientsPerforationTreatmentResectionBiopsyNivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma
Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK, Postow MA, Rizvi NA, Lesokhin AM, Segal NH, Ariyan CE, Gordon RA, Reed K, Burke MM, Caldwell A, Kronenberg SA, Agunwamba BU, Zhang X, Lowy I, Inzunza HD, Feely W, Horak CE, Hong Q, Korman AJ, Wigginton JM, Gupta A, Sznol M. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. New England Journal Of Medicine 2013, 369: 122-133. PMID: 23724867, PMCID: PMC5698004, DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1302369.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsObjective response ratePhase 1 trialAdverse eventsConcurrent therapyAdvanced melanomaTumor regressionClinical activityGrade 3Distinct immunologic mechanismsManageable safety profileProlongs overall survivalDurable tumor regressionSupportive preclinical dataRegimen groupImmunologic mechanismsObjective responseOverall survivalIntravenous dosesSafety profileTumor reductionPreclinical dataIpilimumabNivolumabPatientsMaximum dosesAdvances in the systemic treatment of metastatic melanoma.
Yushak M, Kluger HM, Sznol M. Advances in the systemic treatment of metastatic melanoma. Oncology 2013, 27: 374-81. PMID: 25184258, PMCID: PMC6092183.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntibodies, MonoclonalDrug Therapy, CombinationHumansImidazolesImmunologic FactorsImmunotherapy, AdoptiveIndolesIpilimumabMelanomaMutationNivolumabOximesProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorProtein Kinase InhibitorsProto-Oncogene Proteins B-rafPyridonesPyrimidinonesSkin NeoplasmsSulfonamidesVemurafenibConceptsMetastatic melanomaTumor-host immune interactionsRandomized phase III trialPhase III trialsCombination of dabrafenibAdoptive cell therapyStandard of carePromising new agentPhase II dataIII trialsOverall survivalSystemic treatmentPredictive biomarkersMechanisms of resistanceTreatment outcomesIndividual patientsLimited efficacyAvailable agentsImmune interactionsNew agentsMolecular alterationsEffective agentCell therapyCurrent agentsMelanoma cells
2012
Radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases in the ipilimumab era and the possibility of longer survival.
Knisely JP, Yu JB, Flanigan J, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Chiang VL. Radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases in the ipilimumab era and the possibility of longer survival. Journal Of Neurosurgery 2012, 117: 227-33. PMID: 22702482, PMCID: PMC6098938, DOI: 10.3171/2012.5.jns111929.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAntibodies, MonoclonalAntineoplastic AgentsBrain NeoplasmsCombined Modality TherapyCompassionate Use TrialsDisease-Free SurvivalFemaleHumansIpilimumabMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedNeoplasm StagingPrognosisProportional Hazards ModelsRadiosurgeryRetreatmentRetrospective StudiesConceptsMelanoma brain metastasesBrain metastasesPerformance statusMedian survivalDiagnosis-Specific Graded Prognostic Assessment (DS-GPA) scoreInstitutional review board-approved chart reviewSurvival rateGraded Prognostic Assessment scoreBrain metastasis diagnosisPrognostic assessment scoreSurvival of patientsNumber of metastasesDS-GPA scoreRadiation therapy usePrimary disease locationBrain oligometastasesIpilimumab groupIpilimumab useSalvage WBRTChart reviewOverall survivalPatient ageSystemic therapyTherapy useClinical variables
2011
Case Report: Response to Ipilimumab in a Patient With HIV With Metastatic Melanoma
Burke MM, Kluger HM, Golden M, Heller KN, Hoos A, Sznol M. Case Report: Response to Ipilimumab in a Patient With HIV With Metastatic Melanoma. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2011, 29: e792-e794. PMID: 21990407, DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.36.9199.Peer-Reviewed Case Reports and Technical NotesAntibodies, MonoclonalCD4 Lymphocyte CountHIV InfectionsHumansIpilimumabMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedViral Load
2010
Ipilimumab: a promising immunotherapy for melanoma.
Thumar JR, Kluger HM. Ipilimumab: a promising immunotherapy for melanoma. Oncology 2010, 24: 1280-8. PMID: 21294471.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntibodies, MonoclonalAntigens, CDClinical Trials as TopicColitisCTLA-4 AntigenDiarrheaDrug Administration ScheduleHumansImmunotherapyIpilimumabMelanomaConceptsMetastatic melanomaClinical trialsCytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4Recent phase III trialsT-lymphocyte antigen-4Overall survival benefitPhase III trialsDrug-related toxicityAntibody-based targetingIII trialsSurvival benefitPromising immunotherapyAntigen-4Immune modulationTreatment responseTherapeutic benefitMelanomaIpilimumabTrialsImmunotherapyUnique challengesCancerClinicians